Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 60-71 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 66 large-scale ethanol production and has influenced biofuel policies worldwide, including the adoption of similar programs in other sugarcane-producing countries (Goldemberg et al., 2008; Goldemberg and Guardabassi, 2010). Figure 2 Additional GHG emissions (red bars), offset potential (green bars) and GHG balance (Blue bar) from sugarcane straw management and recovery operations that would be used for bioelectricity or ethanol 2G production (Adopted from De Figueiredo et al., 2023) Image caption: All values in kg CO2 eqha-1 for a straw recovering rate of 6.9 Mg DM ha-1 (Adopted from De Figueiredo et al., 2023) The research of De Figueiredo et al. (2023) illustrates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and offset potential associated with sugarcane straw management and recovery operations, focusing on their use for bioelectricity and second-generation ethanol (Ethanol 2G) production. The total additional GHG emissions from these operations amount to 1 465 kg CO2 eq ha-1, primarily from diesel use (217 kg CO2 eq ha-1), soil CO2 (644 kg CO2 eq ha-1), and soil N2O (604 kg CO2 eq ha-1). However, the recovery of straw and its subsequent utilization for electricity generation and ethanol production provides significant GHG offsets. Electricity generation from recovered straw avoids 562 kg CO2 eq ha-1, while the production of Ethanol 2G avoids a substantial 3 743 kg CO2 eq ha-1. The overall GHG balance reveals a net reduction of 2 320 kg CO2 eq ha-1 when considering the emissions and offsets, highlighting the environmental benefits of utilizing sugarcane straw for renewable energy and biofuel production. This process not only mitigates GHG emissions but also supports sustainable agricultural practices. 7.3 Comparative study of different production models and practices Different production models and practices have been employed in sugarcane ethanol production, each with its own set of advantages and challenges. In Brazil, the integration of sugarcane mills with microalgae biorefineries has been explored to enhance sustainability and economic feasibility. This integrated approach can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the overall efficiency of ethanol production (Klein et al., 2019). Additionally, the use of lignocellulosic biomass, such as bagasse and cane trash, for second-generation ethanol production has been investigated (Figure 3). This method optimizes the use of agricultural residues and industrial co-products, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources (Khatiwada et al., 2016).
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