Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 48-59 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 54 Figure 2 Tire pyrolysis conversion and applications of products (Adapted from Islam et al., 2010) Image caption: It shows the tire pyrolysis process and its products. Tire wastes undergo pyrolysis, producing char, liquids, and gases. Char can be used for charcoal applications. Tire pyrolysis liquids can be extracted for chemical feedstocks or upgraded into transport fuels, used in gas turbines, IC engines, and steam turbines, producing electricity or combined heat and power (CHP). Gases can be used in steam boilers and furnaces for steam and heat. Process heat can be reused in pyrolysis or other applications. Excess gases are released through a stack. This process efficiently converts tire waste into valuable products and energy (Adapted from Islam et al., 2010) 5.4 Contribution to renewable energy targets Pyrolysis technology significantly contributes to renewable energy targets by converting various types of waste into biofuels and other energy products. The process of waste biomass pyrolysis, for instance, allows for the production of second-generation biofuels, which are essential for reducing the carbon footprint and promoting sustainable energy sources (Igliński et al., 2023). The co-pyrolysis of biomass and waste plastics has been identified as a promising method to produce high-grade biofuels, thereby enhancing the renewable energy portfolio (Uzoejinwa et al., 2018). Additionally, the pyrolysis of MSW has been recognized for its potential to generate biofuel and other value-added products, making it an effective and eco-friendly technology for renewable energy production (Hasan et al., 2021). 6 Policy, Regulations, and Incentives 6.1 Overview of global and regional regulations on waste management and pyrolysis Global and regional regulations on waste management and pyrolysis are crucial for the successful implementation and scaling of pyrolysis technology. Various countries have established frameworks to manage waste and promote sustainable practices. For instance, the European Union has stringent regulations on waste management, emphasizing the reduction, reuse, and recycling of waste materials. The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) sets the basic concepts and definitions related to waste management, including the principles of the waste hierarchy (Sakthipriya, 2021). Similarly, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) that govern the disposal of solid and hazardous waste (Hasan et al., 2021). These regulations are designed to protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal. In Asia, countries like China have implemented policies to promote the use of pyrolysis for waste management. The Chinese government has introduced several regulations and incentives to encourage the adoption of pyrolysis
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