Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 48-59 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 51 2.3 Process optimization for maximum yield and efficiency Optimizing the pyrolysis process involves adjusting various parameters to maximize yield and efficiency. Temperature plays a crucial role in the pyrolysis process, significantly affecting the yield and quality of the products. Higher temperatures generally increase the production of bio-oil and gases while reducing biochar yield (Giwa et al., 2018; Patra et al., 2021). The heating rate is another essential factor. A controlled heating rate ensures uniform thermal decomposition. Slow pyrolysis with a lower heating rate tends to produce more biochar, while fast pyrolysis favors bio-oil production (Patra et al., 2021). The feedstock ratio, such as the proportion of biomass to plastic, can influence the synergistic effects and product distribution. Optimal ratios need to be determined experimentally to achieve the desired outcomes (Uzoejinwa et al., 2018; Vibhakar et al., 2022). The use of catalysts can enhance the pyrolysis process by lowering the activation energy and improving the quality of the products. Catalysts like ZSM-5, transition metals, and bifunctional catalysts are commonly used to improve efficiency and product quality (Su et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021). 2.4 Integration with other waste management technologies Integrating pyrolysis with other waste management technologies can enhance overall efficiency and sustainability. Co-pyrolysis, which involves combining pyrolysis with other processes like gasification or hydrothermal treatment, can improve overall energy recovery and product quality. Co-pyrolysis of plastics with biomass or waste oils has shown promising results in producing high-quality biofuels (Kasar et al., 2020; Su et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021). Effective sorting and recycling of waste materials before pyrolysis can reduce contamination and improve the efficiency of the process. Municipal waste sorting is particularly important for optimizing feedstock quality (Mahari et al., 2021). The biochar produced from pyrolysis can be used for soil enhancement, carbon sequestration, and as an adsorbent for pollutant removal from aqueous solutions (Singh et al., 2020; Patra et al., 2021). By applying these strategies, pyrolysis technology can be effectively utilized for managing industrial waste and producing valuable biofuels, contributing to energy security and environmental sustainability. 3 Economic Analysis of Pyrolysis for Biofuel Production 3.1 Cost-benefit analysis of pyrolysis plants The cost-benefit analysis of pyrolysis plants involves evaluating the economic feasibility of converting industrial waste into biofuels. Pyrolysis technology has shown potential in transforming municipal solid waste (MSW) into valuable products such as bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. For instance, the pyrolysis of MSW can yield around 43% bio-oil, 27% biochar, and 25% syngas, making it a promising method for waste-to-energy conversion (Hasan et al., 2021). Additionally, the co-pyrolysis of waste oils and plastics can improve bio-oil yield and quality, further enhancing the economic viability of pyrolysis plants (Su et al., 2021). 3.2 Capital and operational expenditures The capital expenditures (CAPEX) for pyrolysis plants include the costs of setting up the facility, purchasing equipment, and installing necessary infrastructure. Operational expenditures (OPEX) cover the costs of running the plant, including feedstock procurement, labor, maintenance, and energy consumption. The use of inexpensive catalysts, such as dolomite, in the pyrolysis process can reduce operational costs by enhancing the efficiency of the process (Veses et al., 2019). Moreover, the integration of advanced pyrolysis techniques, such as microwave heating, can lower energy consumption and operational costs (Mahari et al., 2021). 3.3 Market value of pyrolysis products (bio-oil, syngas, biochar) The market value of pyrolysis products varies based on their quality and potential applications. Bio-oil, with its high calorific value, can be used as a liquid fuel or a source of chemical products (Trabelsi et al., 2018). Syngas, consisting mainly of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, can be utilized as a fuel or as a feedstock for producing other chemicals (Veses et al., 2019). Biochar, rich in organic carbon and nutrients, can be used as a soil amendment or a precursor for activated carbon (Ferrera-Lorenzo et al., 2014). The co-pyrolysis of different feedstocks can enhance the yield and quality of these products, increasing their market value (Zaafouri et al., 2016).
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