Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 48-59 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 50 Figure 1 Schematic experimental setup of Py-GC/MS-FGA used for co-pyrolysis experiments (Adopted from Alcazar-Ruiz et al., 2021) Image caption: The pyrolyzer consists of a quartz tube with a sample and a heater for thermal decomposition. A trap collects pyrolyzed products before analysis. A transfer line moves products from the pyrolyzer to GC/MS and FGA systems. In GC/MS, products enter a column for separation based on properties. An oven maintains column temperature. Mass spectrometry identifies and quantifies compounds. FGA includes a Thermal Conductivity Detector for fixed gas detection, aided by a packed column for separation. This setup enables detailed chemical analysis of pyrolyzed products using GC/MS and FGA techniques (Adapted from Alcazar-Ruiz et al., 2021) 2 Application of Pyrolysis Technology for Industrial Waste 2.1 Types of industrial wastes suitable for pyrolysis Pyrolysis technology can be applied to various types of industrial wastes, including plastics, rubber and tires, electronic waste, and agricultural residues. Waste plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) are suitable for pyrolysis. These materials can be transformed into fuels and chemicals through co-pyrolysis with biomass, enhancing the quality of the products (Uzoejinwa et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2021; Vibhakar et al., 2022). Waste rubber and tires are also suitable for pyrolysis. The process can convert these materials into valuable products like fuel oils, which can potentially replace fossil fuels (Kasar et al., 2020). Electronic waste (e-waste) contains various organic and inorganic materials that can be processed through pyrolysis to recover valuable metals and produce energy-rich biofuels (Singh et al., 2020). Agricultural residues such as canola hulls and oat hulls can be effectively managed through pyrolysis, producing biochar and bio-oil, which can be used for energy and soil enhancement (Patra et al., 2021; Vibhakar et al., 2022). 2.2 Pre-treatment requirements for different waste types Different types of industrial wastes require specific pre-treatment steps to optimize the pyrolysis process. For plastics, sorting and cleaning are essential to remove contaminants and non-plastic materials. Shredding the plastics into smaller pieces can improve the efficiency of the pyrolysis process (Mahari et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021). Rubber and tires require pre-treatment that involves shredding them into smaller pieces to increase the surface area for pyrolysis. It is also necessary to remove metal components from tires (Kasar et al., 2020). Electronic waste (e-waste) requires dismantling to separate the organic and inorganic components. Crushing and grinding can help in reducing the size of the waste for better pyrolysis efficiency (Singh et al., 2020). Agricultural residues need to be dried to reduce moisture content. Grinding the residues into smaller particles can enhance the pyrolysis process (Patra et al., 2021; Vibhakar et al., 2022).
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