Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 48-59 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 49 and quality of the desired products. Recent advancements in pyrolysis technology, including co-pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis, have further enhanced its efficiency and product quality. The study is to explore the application and economic viability of pyrolysis technology for industrial waste management and biofuel production. This study will examine the various types of industrial waste suitable for pyrolysis, the technological advancements in pyrolysis processes, and the economic benefits of adopting pyrolysis for waste valorization. By analyzing the current state of research and development in this field, this study aims to provide insights into the potential of pyrolysis technology to address industrial waste challenges and contribute to sustainable energy production. 1 Pyrolysis Technology: Fundamentals and Mechanisms 1.1 Definition and types of pyrolysis Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition process of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen. The process can be categorized into three main types based on the heating rate and residence time: Slow Pyrolysis is characterized by a slow heating rate and long residence time, typically resulting in higher yields of biochar. This method is often used for producing solid biochar from biomass (Kabir et al., 2015). Fast Pyrolysis involves the rapid heating of biomass to moderate temperatures (typically around 500 °C) with short residence times, leading to higher yields of bio-oil (Thangalazhy-Gopakumar and Adhikari, 2016; Adelawon et al., 2021). This method is advantageous for liquid fuel production due to its efficiency in converting biomass into bio-oil. Flash Pyrolysis is similar to fast pyrolysis but with even higher heating rates and shorter residence times, resulting in a higher yield of bio-oil and gases. This method is particularly effective for maximizing liquid fuel production (Kabir et al., 2015). 1.2 Chemical and thermal processes involved The pyrolysis process involves complex chemical and thermal reactions, including several key steps: Dehydration is the removal of water from the biomass, which occurs at lower temperatures. Depolymerization involves the breakdown of large polymeric molecules into smaller molecules. Decarboxylation and decarbonylation refer to the release of CO2 and CO, respectively, from the biomass. Cracking is the breaking down of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones, which is crucial for bio-oil production (Alcazar-Ruiz et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021). 1.3 Feedstock characteristics and their impact on pyrolysis The characteristics of the feedstock significantly influence the pyrolysis process and the quality of the end products: Moisture content is a critical factor, as high moisture levels can reduce the efficiency of pyrolysis and the yield of bio-oil (Kabir et al., 2015). Particle size also plays a significant role, with smaller particle sizes generally enhancing the heat transfer rate, leading to more efficient pyrolysis (Adelawon et al., 2021). Composition, particularly the elemental composition such as the hydrogen to carbon ratio (H/Ceff), affects the quality of the bio-oil and the efficiency of the pyrolysis process. For instance, co-pyrolysis with plastics can improve the H/Ceff and enhance hydrocarbon yields (Figure 1) (Alcazar-Ruiz et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021). 1.4 End products: bio-oil, syngas, and biochar Pyrolysis produces three main types of products: Bio-oil is a liquid product that can be used as a fuel or as a feedstock for chemical production. The quality of bio-oil can be influenced by the type of feedstock and the pyrolysis conditions. For example, the use of catalysts can improve the yield and quality of bio-oil by reducing its acid value (Su et al., 2021; Ahmed et al., 2022). Syngas is a mixture of gases, primarily CO, H2, and CH4, which can be used for energy production or as a chemical feedstock. The composition of syngas can be optimized by adjusting the pyrolysis parameters (Kabir et al., 2015). Biochar is a solid residue rich in carbon, which can be used for soil amendment, carbon sequestration, or as a precursor for activated carbon. The yield and properties of biochar depend on the pyrolysis temperature and feedstock characteristics (Foong et al., 2020; Adelawon et al., 2021). By understanding these fundamentals and mechanisms, pyrolysis technology can be effectively applied to convert industrial waste into valuable biofuels, contributing to energy sustainability and waste management.
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