Genomics and Applied Biology 2026, Vol.17, No.1, 16-25 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/gab 17 consideration. The hope is to provide farmers with more references when choosing the drying method, minimize post-harvest losses, and stabilize the quality of the rice. 2 Overview of Drying Methods for Rice under Two Farmer Conditions 2.1 Operation process and typical characteristics of natural drying In many farmers, the drying of rice still relies on the old method - natural drying (Hwang et al., 2016). When the weather is good, spread the threshed rice on the open ground, not too thick, and flip it a few times during the day, slowly drying off the moisture with the sun. This study simulated this habit by spreading about 500 kg of rice with a thickness of about 0.04 m, flipping it at regular intervals, and covering it when needed. Drying requires almost no energy and has low investment, but the problem is also very obvious. Once it rains or at night, dew is prone to regain moisture, and if it is laid thick, it is not breathable. In addition, dust and debris are mixed in, which inevitably affects the quality (Figure 1) (Müller et al., 2022). Overall, this method saves money and effort, but has a long cycle, low efficiency, and poor stability. Figure 1 Drying process in rice grains (Adopted from Müller et al., 2022) Image caption: A, Start drying in rice plant. B, Need to immediately subject the rice grains to drying. C, Intermittent dryer. The intermittent dryer consists of two chambers, one for drying and the other for equalization. D, Procedure in the equalization chamber. E, Procedure in the drying chamber. Pg, Grain vapor pressure; Par, Air vapor pressure; T1, Exhaust air temperature; T2, Inlet air temperature; UR1, Exhaust air relative humidity; UR2, Inlet air relative humidity (Adopted from Müller et al., 2022)
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