Genomics and Applied Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 245-254 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/gab 246 biogeography, and ecological roles. Through the synthesis, this study aims to highlight the importance of genomic research in uncovering the adaptive strategies of earwigs and their potential applications in ecological and evolutionary studies. 2 Genome Assembly of Earwigs 2.1 Methods for genome sequencing and assembly The genome assembly of earwigs, specifically Forficula auricularia, has been achieved using advanced sequencing technologies (Figure 1). The hybrid genome assembly was constructed using nanopore long-reads and 10x chromium link-reads. This combination allowed for a comprehensive assembly with a final length of 1.06 Gb and a GC content of 31.03% (Bhattarai et al., 2022a; 2022b). The assembly process involved the use of the MAKER2 pipeline for annotating 12 876 protein-coding genes and 21 031 mRNAs, ensuring a high-quality genomic resource for further studies (Bhattarai et al., 2022a; 2022b). Figure 1 The phylogenetic relationships of F. auricularia obtained from different geographic regions inferred from COI and COII using a Neighbour-Joining method and Maximum Composite Likelihood approach in MEGA11. All ambiguous positions were removed for each nucleotide sequence pair (pairwise deletion). The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1 000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. Species labeled with the colored squares are subspecies B. The red square (Dunedin NZ) is the one for which the genome is reported in this article. Green squares are the species categorized as subspecies B by Wirth et al. (1998) and the purple squares are others for which the nucleotide sequences were downloaded from NCBI. Species labeled with colored circles belong to subspecies A. Green circles represent subspecies A inferred by Wirth et al. (1998) and blue are other species for which nucleotide sequences were downloaded from NCBI. E. arcanum is the outgroup labelled with a black triangle (Adopted from Bhattarai et al., 2022b)
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