Genomics and Applied Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 89-98 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/gab 95 7 Future Directions and Research Opportunities 7.1 Emerging technologies in gene transfer The development of new gene transfer technologies holds significant promise for advancing shrimp aquaculture. For instance, the VP28-pseudotyped baculovirus expression system has demonstrated high efficiency in gene transfer and expression in adult shrimp tissues, although it shows tissue-specific and cell-specific tropism (Wu et al., 2021). This system could be further optimized and expanded to other tissues and developmental stages. Additionally, the transfection method has been identified as the most effective gene transfer technique for shrimp, characterized by high hatching rates and low toxicity (Jacinda and Yustiati, 2021). Future research should focus on refining these methods and exploring novel gene transfer technologies to enhance their efficiency and applicability. 7.2 Potential for multi-omics approaches Integrating multi-omics approaches, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, can provide comprehensive insights into the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying shrimp biology and production traits (Guppy et al., 2018). The application of single-cell omics technologies can further enhance our understanding by providing high-resolution data on cellular phenotypes and gene regulatory networks (Blencowe et al., 2019; Efremova and Teichmann, 2020). Future research should aim to develop and apply multi-omics techniques to address key challenges in shrimp aquaculture, such as disease resistance, growth rates, and reproductive success. 7.3 Collaboration between researchers and industry Collaboration between academic researchers and the aquaculture industry is crucial for translating scientific discoveries into practical applications. The integration of genomic resources and omics data into breeding programs and disease management strategies can significantly benefit the industry (Guppy et al., 2018). Establishing partnerships and collaborative projects can facilitate the development of cost-effective genotyping tools and selective breeding programs, ultimately leading to improved shrimp production and sustainability. 7.4 Identifying gaps and setting research priorities Despite the progress made in gene transfer and omics research, several gaps remain that need to be addressed. For example, the full potential of omics resources has not yet been realized in the industry, and there is a need for better integration of these resources (Guppy et al., 2018). Additionally, the challenges associated with single-cell omics data modeling and the dynamic nature of gene regulatory networks require further investigation (Blencowe et al., 2019). Identifying these gaps and setting research priorities will be essential for advancing the field and achieving practical outcomes. Future research should focus on overcoming these challenges and developing robust methodologies for gene transfer and multi-omics integration in shrimp aquaculture. 8 Concluding Remarks The research on gene transfer techniques in shrimp has made significant strides, particularly in the application of microinjection, electroporation, and transfection methods. Among these, transfection has emerged as the most efficient technique, demonstrating higher hatching rates and gene expression levels compared to microinjection and electroporation. For instance, transfection methods have shown hatching rates of 50%-60% and gene expression levels of 40%-60%, significantly outperforming the other methods. Additionally, the use of transfection reagents like jetPEI has been particularly effective when applied at the prejelly layer stage of shrimp zygotes, achieving a gene transfer efficiency of 72%. The advancements in gene transfer techniques hold promising implications for the future of shrimp genetic research. The ability to efficiently introduce and express foreign genes in shrimp can lead to significant improvements in disease resistance, growth rates, and overall aquaculture productivity. The development of genetic resources such as transcriptomics, genomics, DNA markers, and linkage maps will further enhance selective breeding programs, enabling the cultivation of shrimp with desirable economic traits. Moreover, the
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