Genomics and Applied Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 89-98 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/gab 94 (CDP) nanocomposites, which have proven effective in delivering functional DNA in both plant and animal cells. This system not only facilitates plasmid transport into cells but also protects DNA from degradation, offering a highly efficient and versatile tool for gene transfer (Wang et al., 2020). These case studies underscore the potential of non-viral techniques to provide safer and more efficient alternatives for gene transfer in shrimp. 5.3 Future prospects in shrimp gene transfer research The future of gene transfer research in shrimp holds promising prospects, driven by continuous advancements in both viral and non-viral delivery systems. The development of more sophisticated and targeted delivery methods, such as the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, which offer high gene transfer efficiency and low immunogenicity, could further enhance the precision and effectiveness of gene transfer in shrimp (Kimura et al., 2019). Additionally, the integration of modern gene technologies, such as genome editing and cell-specific promoters, with these advanced delivery systems could pave the way for more precise genetic modifications and improved disease resistance in shrimp. As research progresses, the focus will likely shift towards optimizing these techniques for large-scale applications in aquaculture, addressing environmental and health concerns associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (Jacinda and Yustiati, 2021). Overall, the continued innovation in gene transfer technology promises to unlock new possibilities for enhancing shrimp culture and ensuring sustainable aquaculture practices. 6 Integration with Breeding Programs 6.1 Role of gene transfer in shrimp breeding Gene transfer techniques, particularly those involving genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9, have revolutionized shrimp breeding by enabling precise modifications to the shrimp genome. These techniques allow for the introduction of desirable traits such as disease resistance, improved growth rates, and enhanced feed efficiency, which are critical for the sustainability and profitability of shrimp aquaculture (Kishimoto et al., 2018; Sun and Zhu, 2019; Dai et al., 2020). The ability to directly edit genes in shrimp accelerates the breeding process, reducing the time required to develop new breeds with specific traits compared to traditional breeding methods (Kishimoto et al., 2018; Dhugga, 2022). 6.2 Strategies for combining traditional breeding with gene editing Combining traditional breeding methods with modern gene editing techniques can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of shrimp breeding programs. Traditional methods, such as selective breeding and marker-assisted selection (MAS), can be used to identify and propagate desirable traits within a population. These methods can be complemented by genome editing to introduce or enhance specific genetic traits more rapidly and accurately (Yu et al., 2020; Ampofo et al., 2023). For instance, genomic selection (GS) and single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) have been shown to improve the accuracy of breeding value predictions, thereby enhancing the selection process for traits like feed efficiency and growth (Dai et al., 2020; Ampofo et al., 2023). Additionally, high-throughput SNP genotyping methods can facilitate the integration of genomic data into breeding programs, enabling more precise selection and breeding strategies (Yu et al., 2020). 6.3 Case study: breeding shrimp for specific traits using gene transfer A notable example of the successful integration of gene transfer techniques in aquaculture is the breeding of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) for improved feed efficiency and growth traits. In a study evaluating genomic information to enhance genetic evaluation, methods such as genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) and single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) were employed to predict breeding values for feed efficiency ratio (FER) and residual feed intake (RFI). The study demonstrated that genomic-based methods significantly increased the accuracy of breeding value predictions compared to traditional pedigree-based methods, highlighting the potential of gene transfer techniques to accelerate the breeding of shrimp with desirable traits (Dai et al., 2020). Furthermore, the development of high-throughput SNP genotyping approaches has provided valuable tools for genetic studies and the application of molecular breeding methods, such as MAS and GS, in shrimp breeding programs (Yu et al., 2020). These advancements underscore the transformative impact of gene transfer and genome editing technologies in the field of shrimp aquaculture.
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