Genomics and Applied Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 75-88 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/gab 86 The findings from these genomic studies have profound implications for evolutionary biology. The identification of whole-genome duplication events and the expansion of long terminal repeats suggest significant evolutionary pressures and adaptations in E. ulmoides. The unique rubber biosynthesis pathway and the high α-linolenic acid content highlight the species' specialized metabolic adaptations, which could be a result of its long evolutionary history and ecological niche. The detailed genetic linkage maps and QTL analyses provide a framework for understanding the genetic basis of important traits, facilitating evolutionary studies on trait selection and adaptation. The chloroplast genome analyses further enhance our understanding of the species' genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships, which are crucial for conservation and breeding programs. The comprehensive genomic data obtained from these studies mark a significant advancement in our understanding of E. ulmoides. These findings not only elucidate the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of the species but also provide valuable resources for future research and breeding programs. Future studies should focus on functional genomics to explore the roles of identified genes in trait development and adaptation. Additionally, integrating genomic data with ecological and phenotypic data will further enhance our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of E. ulmoides. The development of molecular markers and genetic tools will also facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of this economically and medicinally important species. Overall, the insights gained from these genomic studies pave the way for innovative approaches in evolutionary biology, conservation, and genetic improvement of E. ulmoides. Acknowledgments The authors thank the two anonymous peer reviewers for their comments and suggestions on the manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [31870285, 31660076] and the Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Talent Special Project [2022-02 & 2023-02]. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Cordone A., Coppola A., Severino A., Correggia M., Selci M., Cascone A., Vetriani C., and Giovannelli D., eds., 2021, From sequences to enzymes: comparative genomics to study evolutionarily conserved protein functions in marine microbes, In Marine Genomics: Methods and Protocols, Springer, New York, NY, US, pp.77-88. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/yacvr De la Fuente R., Díaz-Villanueva W., Arnau V., and Moya A., 2023, Genomic signature in evolutionary biology: a review. Biology, 12(2): 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020322 Du Q.X., Wu Z.X., Liu P.F., Qing J., He F., Du L.Y., Sun Z.Q., Zhu L.L., Zheng H.C., Sun Z.Y., Yang L., Wang L., and Du H.Y., 2023, The chromosome-level genome of Eucommia ulmoides provides insights into sex differentiation and α-linolenic acid biosynthesis, Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1118363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1118363 Feng Y.Z., Zhang L., Fu J.M., Li F.D., Wang L., Tan X.F., Mo W.J., and Cao H.P., 2016, Characterization of glycolytic pathway genes using rna-seq in developing kernels of Eucommia ulmoides, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(18): 3712-3731. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05918 Filipski A., and Kumar S., 2005, Comparative genomics in eukaryotes, in: the evolution of the genome, Academic Press, 521-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012301463-4/50011-5 Filipski A., and Kumar S., 2005, Comparative genomics in eukaryotes, In The evolution of the genome, Academic Press, pp.521-583. Grueber C.E., 2015, Comparative genomics for biodiversity conservation, Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 13: 370-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2015.05.003 Jin C.F., Li Z.Q., Li Y., Wang S.H., Li L., and Liu M.H., 2020, Update of genetic linkage map and QTL analysis for growth traits in Eucommia ulmoides oliver, Forests,11(3): 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11030311
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