Computational Molecular Biology 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 282-290 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/cmb 283 and finally discuss the research significance and future directions. By integrating multi-omics datasets and computer-simulated metabolic flow analysis, this study aims to deepen the understanding of rice metabolic reprogramming and its regulatory mechanisms, which is expected to provide information for breeding and biotechnology intervention, thereby promoting crop improvement. 2 Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Rice to Salt Stress 2.1 Osmoregulation and ion homeostasis mechanisms Not all rice varieties can remain unscathed in high-salt environments. Generally speaking, salt-tolerant varieties have a lower Na⁺ /K⁺ ratio than sensitive types. This difference is related to their absorption, transport and isolation of sodium and potassium ions. When rice responds to salt stress, it often initiates a series of osmotic regulatory mechanisms first to maintain the balance of water and ions in cells. The expression of Na⁺ /H⁺ reverse transporters like NHX will increase, and Na⁺ will be isolated into the vacuole or simply expelled from the cell. During this process, small molecules such as proline, stachyose and raffinose also accumulate quietly, playing a role in regulating blood pressure and protecting cell structure (Figure 1). If these mechanisms operate smoothly, photosynthesis will not be greatly affected and oxidative damage can also be reduced (Gerona et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2022; Lelekami et al., 2025). Figure 1 Phenotypic assessment of the salt sensitive (IR28) and tolerant (CSR28) rice genotypes after 1 week of 150 mM salt stress. (a) Length, (b) Fresh weight, (c) Dry weight, (d) Leaf RWC, (e) Salt score, including 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 as very tolerant (normal growth), tolerant (relatively normal growth), relatively tolerant (delayed growth), sensitive (completely stopped growth) and very sensitive (death of all plants), respectively. (f) Phenotype of the seedlings under control and salt stress conditions. Different letters indicate significant difference between the genotypes based on Student’s t-test (Pvalue ≤ 0.05) (Adopted from Lelekami et al., 2025)
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