Computational Molecular Biology 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 273-281 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/cmb 278 modify industrial bacteria. It's not that traditional strains are bad, but when facing extreme process conditions, they are too "delicate". After the emergence of tools like CRISPR/Cas9, transplanting these stress-resistant genes is no longer a difficult task. For instance, the attempt on Halomonas, a halophilic bacterium, is quite typical: through gene editing, it performed better under non-sterile and highly saline conditions, with a significant increase in product yield. This approach of transferring the "talent" of extreme bacteria to engineered bacteria is precisely a breakthrough point in the progress of microbial application (Figure 2) (Qin et al., 2018). Figure 2 Genomic adaptations of acidophiles and alkaliphiles (Adopted from Salwan and Sharma, 2022) 7.3 Strategies for bioremediation and synthetic biology platforms in harsh environments When it comes to "problem areas" like acidic mine drainage and saline-alkali land, ordinary microorganisms simply can't handle them. However, some polar bacteria can survive quite well in these environments. Their genomes are like an instruction manual, telling us how these bacteria deal with heavy metals and toxic substances. Often, it is the new genes or adaptive mutations that have been horizontally transferred from the genome that are at work. Researchers are attempting to unearth this adaptability and transform it into materials for building "customized" biological platforms. The purpose of designing these platforms is not only to degrade pollutants, but also to utilize them to synthesize some special and economically valuable substances. The logic is actually quite simple: By integrating the solutions provided by nature into synthetic biology systems in an eclectic manner, it is possible to obtain both sustainable and efficient processing or production pathways (Salwan and Sharma, 2022). 8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives When assembling the genomes of extremist microorganisms, what is often first exposed is the set of "physiological codes" that enable them to survive in harsh environments - such as resilience genes, peculiar metabolic pathways, and specialized tools for DNA repair. However, such discoveries are not isolated. After comparison, many core functions are indeed very conservative, but there are always some gene modules that seem to be "borrowed" through horizontal gene transfer mixed in. This combination precisely constructs the way they
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