Computational Molecular Biology 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 75-83 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/cmb 77 present, Cordyceps polysaccharides with relatively large molecular weights are regarded as the part that plays a major anti-tumor role. On the one hand, they improve the immune response; on the other hand, they also promote the apoptosis of tumor cells, which is quite crucial in such mechanisms (Figure 1) (Yan et al., 2013). Figure 1 Schematic diagram of Cordyceps polysaccharides inhibiting H22 cell proliferation (Adopted from Tan et al., 2023) 3.2 Research and progress in antiviral and immunotherapy Cordyceps polysaccharides are actually quite popular in antiviral and immunotherapy, and many studies are discussing this. They can stimulate immune responses, such as activating T lymphocytes and macrophages, which in turn promotes the secretion of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8. In addition to regulating immunity, these polysaccharides themselves also have certain antioxidant effects, which can help cells resist the damage caused by oxidative stress, which is important for maintaining the normal function of the immune system (Chen et al., 2023). Because of these immunomodulatory effects, many people now consider Cordyceps polysaccharides as an ideal natural ingredient, which may be used to enhance immune responses and even fight against certain viral infections (Peng et al., 2013). 3.3 Mechanisms in treating metabolic diseases In fact, Cordyceps polysaccharide has various functions in metabolic diseases. For example, it has obvious effects in reducing blood sugar and is also helpful in the management of metabolic disorders such as diabetes (Cheung et al., 2009). Not only that, it can also regulate the gut microbiota-which is actually crucial for metabolic health. Research has found that Cordyceps polysaccharides can alter the composition of gut microbiota, increasing beneficial bacteria and short chain fatty acids, thereby helping to regulate metabolism (Li et al., 2003). In addition, its antioxidant properties also help alleviate oxidative stress commonly seen in metabolic diseases, improving metabolic health from another perspective. 4 Development of Cordyceps Polysaccharides in the Health Products Sector 4.1 Development of functional health products to boost immunity Cordyceps polysaccharides are now widely used in many health products that enhance immunity, mainly because they can regulate the immune system. Polysaccharides extracted from Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris, studies have shown that they do have the potential to enhance immune responses. For instance, Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides can promote the proliferation of lymphosplenocytes. It seems that it may be used as a
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