Computational Molecular Biology 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 38-52 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/cmb 49 10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives Rapeseed, as a globally important oil crop, its growth is like a precise molecular symphony. When exposed to low temperatures, plants will quickly activate complex emergency mechanisms-hormone signals and reactive oxygen species clearance systems take turns to work, ensuring that seeds can germinate smoothly in the severe cold. Research shows that transcription factors such as ERF and bZIP can be called "all-rounders of stress resistance", being able to handle drought, salinity and alkalinity, as well as cold with ease. Interestingly, lncrnas, which were once overlooked, are abnormally active under drought conditions and regulate various metabolic pathways by interacting with mrnas. Recently, it has also been discovered that the ATG8 protein family is equally busy, dealing with salt stress while regulating nitrogen metabolism. These findings, when pieced together, gradually outline a molecular roadmap for rapeseed to address environmental challenges. Although there are still many details to be refined, they have already provided a clear direction for cultivating more resilient rapeseed varieties. Studying the transcriptional regulatory network of rape feels like piecing together a super complex jigsaw puzzle, and each piece looks almost the same. When exposed to environmental stress, the expression levels of thousands of genes will undergo earth-shaking changes. To identify the true "core regulatory factors" from them is like looking for a needle in a haystack. What's more troublesome is that transcription factors and lncrnas often compete with each other for work, with their functions overlapping significantly. Several people can do the same thing, making it hard to tell who is in charge. The responses of different rapeseed varieties to the same stress vary greatly, which makes it more difficult to identify universally applicable stress resistance strategies. Although there are now high-precision and cutting-edge data such as transcriptomics and metabolomics, how to integrate and analyze them and clarify the complex relationships among molecules remains a new topic, which requires more intelligent algorithms to overcome. Every difficult problem is like a checkpoint, waiting for researchers to solve one by one. Future research to crack the genetic code of rapeseed's stress resistance can focus on several key directions. First of all, it is necessary to apply CRISPR gene editing technology more proficiently and precisely modify those potential "resilience commanders"-key transcription factors-to verify which genes play a core role in the resilience process. Secondly, to achieve the joint operation of multi-omics data, integrating and analyzing information such as gene expression, protein interaction, and metabolic networks is like assembling a complex jigsaw puzzle, which is expected to reveal unknown regulatory patterns. At the breeding level, high-throughput methods such as TWAS can be utilized to conduct "genetic check-ups" on rapeseed and identify molecular markers highly associated with stress resistance traits. In addition, the natural stress-resistant gene resources of wild relatives also have great potential. These genes, which have undergone long-term natural selection, often contain unexpected advantages. Through the organic combination of these strategies, we can gradually build stronger rapeseed varieties, enabling them to maintain stable and high yields even under extreme climatic conditions. Despite numerous challenges, each regulatory puzzle solved brings us one step closer to the goal of cultivating highly resilient rapeseed. Acknowledgments Sincere thanks to Ms. Wang from the project team for her hard work in collecting and organizing research materials. Your professional spirit and unremitting efforts are the key to the success of this research. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Agarwal P., Agarwal P., Agarwal P., Agarwal P., Reddy M., and Sopory S., 2006, Role of DREB transcription factors in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants, Plant Cell Reports, 25(12): 1263-1274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-006-0204-8 Beckers G., and Spoel S., 2006, Fine-tuning plant defence signalling: salicylate versus jasmonate, Plant Biology, 8(01): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2005-872705 Bortesi L., and Fischer R., 2015, The CRISPR/Cas9 system for plant genome editing and beyond, Biotechnology Advances, 33(1): 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.006
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