Computational Molecular Biology 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 38-52 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/cmb 44 4.3 Gene networks in seed development and maturation The process of rapeseed from flowering to seed production is like a meticulously planned performance, with various "staff members" both on and off the stage. The transcription factors and mirnas in the cells are extremely busy (Pajoro et al., 2014), having to handle hormone signals and adjust chromatin states to ensure that each developmental stage is closely connected. Interestingly, this regulatory system is surprisingly similar in different plants, and even the details are well preserved, indicating that it is indeed the core procedure of plant reproduction. From the falling of petals to the maturation of seeds, each step is closely linked-the floral organs must first develop fully before laying the foundation for the subsequent formation of seeds. These molecular regulatory networks are like precise assembly lines, with clear division of labor and mutual cooperation, jointly completing the life relay from flowering to seed production. 5 Rapeseed Response to Abiotic Stresses 5.1 Drought-induced transcriptional responses The impact of drought on rapeseed is not merely the wilting of leaves as seen on the surface. Once water is lacking, the plant will immediately activate the emergency plan (Wang et al., 2019)-quickly synthesize more proline and reduce its decomposition at the same time, thereby maintaining the osmotic balance within the cells. Even more surprisingly, those lncrnas that were originally considered "useless" are extremely active under drought (Figure 3) (Tan et al., 2020), especially in drought-resistant varieties, they participate together with mRNA to regulate various metabolic pathways. When it comes to drought resistance experts, DREB transcription factors (Dong et al., 2017) can be regarded as commanders, capable of simultaneously regulating the expression of multiple stress-resistant genes. Interestingly, different rapeseed varieties have different strategies when facing drought-some are good at water retention, while others are proficient in restoration. This diversity provides rich options for breeding. Figure 3 Phenotypes of seedlings under different treatments. a The picture show seedlings under DS and RW treatments, respectively. Bar = 1 cm. b Comparisons of fresh weight among the treatments. Experiments were repeated three times and vertical bars indicate standard errors. “*” indicates the significance of the difference at the 0.05 level. WW = well-watered; DS = drought stress; RW = re-watering (Adopted from Tan et al., 2020) 5.2 Heat stress and transcriptional regulation The strategy of rapeseed in dealing with high temperatures is quite ingenious. Various transcription factors are like an emergency response team working hard on the spot. The factor DREB2A, which is usually responsible for drought resistance and cold protection (Schramm et al., 2007), actually temporarily "shifts" during high temperatures-it first activates HsfA3, the "high-temperature alarm", and then triggers the production of heat shock proteins in a chain reaction. However, what is even more surprising is the performance of the NF-Y family, especially BnNF-YA3, which is mainly responsible for seed germination and root growth at high temperatures. It
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