Bioscience Methods 2026, Vol.17, No.1, 57-66 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 58 technologies (Maeda et al., 2022; Kang et al., 2024). Based on this, it evaluates the existing technologies, analyzes their shortcomings, and makes an outlook on future development directions, with the aim of providing a reference for increasing cucumber yields. 2. Biological and Ecological Basis for High-Yield Cultivation of Cucumbers 2.1 Growth and development characteristics of cucumbers and mechanism of yield formation In actual production, people often first notice the issue of the flower shape of cucumbers. Cucumbers are hermaphroditic plants, but only the female flowers can actually produce fruits. This is not complicated but very crucial. Sometimes, even with good management conditions, there are still few female flowers, and the yield still cannot increase; conversely, if there are too many female flowers, there will be a foundation for fruiting. Therefore, when discussing high yield, promoting the formation of female flowers and increasing the fruit setting rate are often unavoidable topics (Figure 1) (Pan et al., 2018; Yamasaki et al., 2003). Figure 1 Sex expression, flower, and fruit morphology of NILs. Flower organs showed different morphology between G12 (FFMMAA), M12 (ffMMAA), and H34 (FFmmAA). (A1–C1) Flowers before antheses. Bars = 0.5 cm, (A2–C2) Floral organ without petal and sepal. Bars = 0.2 cm, (A3–C3) Floral organ with petal. Bars = 0.2 cm, (A4–C4) Mature fruit. Bars = 4 cm. P, pistil; St, stamen (Adopted from Pan et al., 2018)
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