Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 308-316 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 313 especially for small-scale farmers or those in developing areas, the burden is quite heavy. In some places, even basic operation sites cannot be set up, let alone well-trained veterinarians or technicians. Even if there are people, if the skills are not up to par, it is hard to guarantee the effectiveness. Training is one thing, but continuous capacity building in the future must not be interrupted. In this way, the high technical threshold and large investment directly restrict many countries from making ART large-scale and sustainable (Baruselli et al., 2018; Srirattana et al., 2022). Figure 2 Schematic diagram of four conventional synchronization-TAI protocols (P4PmPG, GPG, PGPE, and PmPG) used in crossbred buffaloes during breeding season. The two downward vertical arrows in the window present the ultrasonographic observations of buffaloes synchronized through P4PmPG, GPG, PGPE, and PmPG protocols (Adopted from Abulaiti et al., 2021) 6.2 Farmer acceptance and conflicts with traditional husbandry practices Not all farmers buy into the "new technology" as soon as they hear it, especially those family farms that have long relied on natural mating to raise cattle. For them, suddenly changing the approach - using hormones, doing synchronization, registering for check-ins, or even arranging laboratory operations - sounds strange and troublesome. They are worried about failure, spending money in vain and possibly disrupting the original rhythm. Some people prefer a conservative approach, even if it is less efficient, they still think it is safer. So, blind promotion is not enough; one must also find the right approach. Through on-site demonstrations, allowing them to see the results with their own eyes, and then combining the actual business model to design the plan, the acceptance level of farmers is likely to increase (Baruselli et al., 2023; Coman et al., 2024).
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