Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 299-307 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 3 05 Figure 2 Linkage disequilibrium blocks for SNPs in four genes: a HSPA8_1024_A > G and HSPA8_1064_A > G (LD = 98, r2 = 0.98); b CIITA_161_C > T and CIITA_481_A > T (LD = 100, r2 = 1); c SERPING1_312_C > T and SERPING1_615_G > T (LD = 100, r2 = 1); d ATP2A3_150_A > G and ATP2A3_680_A > C (LD = 93, r2 = 0.93) (Adopted from Alam et al., 2019) However, to be fair, compared with sheep, the research foundation in this area of goats is still a bit weak. There are too many variables such as different species, climate and parasitic stress. Many research results do not match each other and the data lack uniformity. It is precisely for this reason that to identify truly "universal" genetic markers, it is necessary to integrate data across groups and regions. Multi-center collaboration and data sharing are inevitable directions. In fact, some studies have already attempted to borrow the genomic resources of sheep. After all, they are not completely similar to each other, which can save a lot of verification costs. For breeding practice, relying solely on molecular markers is far from enough. A more realistic approach might still be to combine the labeling information with traditional phenotypic data, and add indirect indicators like FEC or PCV to build a more precise selection system. Of course, this also needs to be combined with reasonable feeding management, especially in reducing the use of deworming drugs. After all, the problem of drug resistance can no longer be ignored. If breeding strategies only pursue resistance, they may also neglect other traits, such as growth or reproductive ability. Therefore, when selecting and breeding, it is also necessary to pay attention to maintaining genetic diversity and not make the population "narrow". The next key point is not only to continue expanding the genomic data of goats, but also to consider developing some low-cost and highly efficient molecular detection tools. More importantly, it is to facilitate cross-border collaboration, enabling these research achievements to truly leave the laboratory and play a role in different countries and different breeding systems, and promoting the real implementation of goat resistance breeding. Acknowledgments We thank Mr B. Xu from the Institute of Life Science of Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University for his reading and revising suggestion. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Aboshady H., Mandonnet N., Johansson A., Jonas E., and Bambou J., 2019, Genomic variants from RNA-seq for goats resistant or susceptible to gastrointestinal nematode infection, PLoS ONE, 16(3): e0248405. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248405
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