Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 289-298 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 295 etc. Compared with traditional transgenic methods, CRISPR has the advantage of being precise. It can basically knock out any site or insert any sequence, which opens up the possibility of superimposed multiple resistance traits in the later stage. Next, many studies may focus on the targeted editing of salicylic acid pathways, immune recognition and transcriptional regulatory factors, with the aim of constructing new tea tree varieties that can widely resist various diseases and pests (Li et al., 2025). 7 Integration of Genetic Tools and Future Perspectives 7.1 Construction of an integrated breeding model using multiple technologies In the past, choosing seeds based on experience is no longer the mainstream. Tea tree breeding is moving from a single method to a combination of multiple approaches. Omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, combined with molecular markers and high-throughput typing, are not merely a pile of tools but are beginning to truly serve the screening of resistance traits and the analysis of genetic mechanisms. Especially when it comes to marker-assisted selection and genomic prediction, these combinations are even more useful (Wang et al., 2025). For example, the TEA5K mSNP chip has begun to be used in tea trees. It is needed for GWAS, QTL localization, and mapping (Yamashita et al., 2020). Of course, this is far from the end. New directions such as single-cell omics and pan-genome research, and even microbial interactions, may also open up another path for future resistance breeding. 7.2 Establishment of tea germplasm databases and resistance breeding platforms Before good seeds can be grown, there must first be good resources to choose from. The collection of global tea tree germplasm resources has been going on for some time, and the number of resources is not small - more than 15,000 samples. The question is not whether it exists or not, but how to use it. Databases like TPIA are quite helpful. They not only integrate various omics and phenotypic data together, but also come with many practical analysis tools, facilitating researchers to search and compare (Xia et al., 2019). Having a database is not enough; someone needs to build a core germplasm bank and a fingerprint atlas. For example, the marker system based on SSR or SNP can not only explore genetic diversity, but also facilitate the subsequent protection and development of rare resources (Liu et al., 2025). Once these platforms are established, they are not only about data accumulation but also about connecting resources with target traits to enhance the efficiency of selection and breeding. 7.3 Strategic responses to emerging biotic stresses under climate change The environment waits for no one. Climate warming, less rainfall and more unpredictable pests and diseases are bringing more and more challenges to tea tree production. Traditional experience is clearly difficult to deal with such new variables. At this point, if one relies solely on the efforts of a single discipline, it is likely that they won't go far. Nowadays, many studies have begun to attempt to integrate molecular mechanisms, physiological responses, and even ecological perspectives. For example, omics techniques are used to screen key genes, and climate simulation tools are combined to predict future suitable regions (Omer et al., 2025). In addition, agronomy should not be relaxed either. For instance, agroforestry models, conservation tillage, and rational crop rotation can all play a role in responding to climate stress (Baruah and Handique, 2021). The path from the laboratory to the tea garden, in the final analysis, still depends on people from different fields working together to connect the "points" into "lines", and then turn them into real resistant varieties that can be promoted. 8 Conclusion In recent years, research on tea tree resistance breeding has indeed made some crucial progress, and many of these advancements have been inseparable from the support of genetic tools. From molecular markers to multi-omics and then to functional genomics, the means are becoming increasingly diverse and the perspectives are getting more and more detailed. Techniques such as genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) and SNP typing have helped us identify many core genes related to resistance, especially in the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, where progress has been relatively rapid. Meanwhile, MAS (Molecular marker-assisted Selection) has also begun to be effectively applied in the breeding process of pest and disease-resistant varieties, no longer remaining just on paper. The research results of some transcription factors, such as CsAFS1, CsAFS2 and WRKY, have gradually
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==