Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 270-279 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 2 77 8 Conclusions and Prospects When growing rice in the field, how to apply fertilizer and how to choose the right variety are never two different things. Field observations have found that for some rice varieties with high nitrogen fertilizer utilization rates, after applying slow-release fertilizers, precisely targeted fertilization or deep application, not only has the yield not decreased, but also less nitrogen fertilizer is used, and the land is more worry-free. These "high NUE" varieties are not randomly selected. They rely on genetic screening, breeding strategies, and the identification of some key physiological indicators. Over the years, research on NUE has become increasingly detailed, with a clearer understanding of how genotypes respond to external management, how nitrogen flows within the body, and how to combine genetic advantages with agronomic measures. However, it's not easy to say. Although the experimental results were good, in reality, there are still not many varieties that can truly promote these highly efficient genes to large-scale cultivation (especially those familiar to farmers). Not to mention, in some places, nitrogen fertilizers are still being used haphazardly, not only wasting resources but also diluting the benefits brought by new varieties. Moreover, soil, climate and varieties vary from region to region. It is basically unrealistic to apply a one-size-fits-all fertilization plan. Moreover, many small-scale farmers lack technology, funds and policies that are not in place. Even if they have good plans, it is difficult for them to implement them. What needs to be done in the future is actually very clear. On the one hand, it relies on technology, such as through high-throughput phenotyping and multi-omics techniques, to figure out exactly how nitrogen functions in crops. On the one hand, breeding is still necessary to select varieties that are high-yielding, have low nitrogen tolerance, and can also withstand some climatic disturbances. At the same time, one cannot rely solely on general experience. Fertilization strategies should be tailored to different regions and varieties to be more precise. Furthermore, it is necessary to integrate water-saving irrigation, efficient nutrient utilization and digital management methods. Of course, policies should not be absent either - farmers should be encouraged to use less nitrogen, better technologies, and access promotion services and digital tools. Only in this way can the goals of high output, low emissions and risk resistance be truly achieved together. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr. Z. Xu for his assistance with the serious reading and helpful discussions during the course of this work. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 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