Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 228-237 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 232 of these genes. For example, overexpression of EjWUSa, EjSPLs, EjSOC1s, and EjLFY-1 causes plants to flower earlier. This shows that they are positive regulatory genes that promote flowering and can become targets for gene editing in the future (Liu et al., 2017; Jiang et al., 2019a). Conversely, overexpression of EjTFL1s, EjRAVs, and EjFRI causes plants to flower later, which provides new genetic options for those who want to extend the vegetative growth period (Chen et al., 2020). These studies lay the foundation for the future use of molecular breeding and gene editing to control the flowering time of loquat. 5.3 Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses for mechanism elucidation Behind the flowering of loquat, there are actually many genetic changes involved. These changes sometimes begin before the flower is formed, or they may only appear after external intervention, such as hormone treatment. For example, hormones such as GA3 (gibberellin) will cause many gene expression responses after injection. In the RNA sequencing results, genes such as EjFT, EjSOC1, and EjSPL that promote flowering will be activated, while inhibitors such as EjDELLAmay be suppressed (An et al., 2021). Of course, not all loquat varieties are the same. Some varieties are born to bloom early, while others are late, and the difference can be seen by comparing the transcriptome. In early-flowering varieties, the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) signals and certain transcription factors on flower bud formation are more obvious (Xia et al., 2020). In addition to these, there are also many gains in proteomics research. Gene families such as MADS-box and WOX have been studied in other fruit trees before, and are now found to be closely related to flower and fruit development in loquat (Jiang et al., 2019b). These genes may not work alone, but their combination just fills the puzzle pieces of flowering regulation. In the final analysis, these "omics" tools are actually like microscopes, allowing us to see deeper and more detailed, and thus get closer to the true appearance of loquat flowering mechanism. However, the deeper the study, the more we will find that this system is not that simple. 6 Environmental and Climatic Considerations 6.1 Impact of climate change on flowering and ripening synchronization Temperature is an important factor affecting the flowering and fruit ripening of loquat. During the flower bud conversion period, if the temperature rises above 25 °C, the expression of the gene EjTFL1 that inhibits flowering will be reduced, resulting in easy flowering; but if the temperature is low, the plant will continue to grow vegetatively, and the flowering time will be delayed (Reig et al., 2023). Climate change will make this situation more complicated. The weather is getting hotter and hotter now, with fewer cold days and more extreme high temperature days. Although this can reduce the loss caused by frost, it is also more likely to cause heat damage to the fruit when it matures. These changes will affect the coordination of flowering and fruit development, making their timing less synchronized (Jiang et al., 2015). In addition, water stress has become more common under climate change. Drought may cause loquat to bloom earlier, but it may also delay the development of the fruit to a colder period, so that the fruit matures more slowly (Cuevas et al., 2018). 6.2 Regional differences in response to regulation strategies Climate conditions vary from place to place, so the same regulation method will have different effects in different places. Areas like Lishui, China, have good sunlight, suitable temperatures, sufficient water sources, and less frost, continuous rain, and high temperatures, making them ideal areas for growing high-quality loquats. But the situation is different in mountainous areas. In these places, frost may often occur during the young fruit stage, and high temperatures are also prone to occur during the ripening stage, so more flexible and locally appropriate management measures must be adopted. Some Japanese studies have made prediction models for different regions, and the results show that there will be significant differences in the flowering time and fruit development speed in different regions. This also shows that to do a good job of flowering regulation, you have to adjust the method according to local climate data (Konno et al., 2020). 6.3 Risk mitigation strategies under variable environmental conditions Not all loquat planting areas can easily cope with sudden changes in weather, especially when environmental changes are increasing. Sometimes, relying on experience alone is no longer effective. For example, irrigation depends on the situation. Water-saving irrigation sounds good and can promote flowering and fruit ripening, but if
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