Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 246-253 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 248 the leaves lack water, whether the stomata are open, etc., to determine whether it is time to water (Fernández, 2017). This method is more accurate and can avoid insufficient water during critical periods and prevent excessive watering. 3.3 Application of smart and precision irrigation Now more and more orchards are beginning to use "smart irrigation" systems. This system is inseparable from the Internet of Things and some advanced control programs. It collects real-time data on soil moisture, weather and plants, and automatically decides whether to water and how much to water (Figure 1) (Keswani et al., 2019; Abioye et al., 2020; Bwambale et al., 2023). Technologies used in control systems, such as fuzzy logic, deep learning, and model predictive control, can help make more scientific watering decisions, save water and electricity, and increase fruit yields (Kashyap et al., 2021; Bukhari et al., 2024). This IoT platform can also remotely view irrigation conditions, which is very convenient. And no matter where the orchard is located or how large it is, this precision irrigation system can be used (Kamienski et al., 2019; Benzaouia et al., 2023). Figure 1 Smart water management platform layered architecture (Adopted from Kamienski et al., 2019) 4 Optimization of Fertilization Strategies 4.1 Effect of different N-P-K ratios Balancing the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is essential for maximizing fruit tree yield and nutrient use efficiency. Studies have shown that moderate nitrogen (100-300 kg/ha/year) and potassium (50-150 kg/ha/year) levels, combined with high phosphorus (>60 kg/ha/year), can significantly increase soil organic carbon content and crop productivity, while reducing nutrient loss and maintaining soil health (Liu et al., 2023). When using drip irrigation, moderate fertilization is most effective. Moderate fertilization can improve crop absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and also increase yield. Sometimes a slight lack of water can also promote nutrient absorption and protein accumulation (Yan et al., 2020; Deng et al., 2023). If the time and sequence of fertilization are well matched, waste and pollution can be further reduced (Dong et al., 2023).
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