Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 246-253 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 246 Feature Review Open Access Optimizing Irrigation and Fertilization Regimes to Enhance Yield and Quality in Kiwifruit Xuming Lv, Zhen Liu, Yeping Han Institute of Life Science, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China Corresponding email: yeping.han@@jicat.org Bioscience Methods, 2025, Vol.16, No.5 doi: 10.5376/bm.2025.16.0023 Received: 17 Jul., 2025 Accepted: 06 Aug., 2025 Published: 18 Sep., 2025 Copyright © 2025 Lv et al., This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Lv X.M., Liu Z., and Han Y.P., 2025, Optimizing irrigation and fertilization regimes to enhance yield and quality in kiwifruit, Bioscience Methods, 16(5): 246-253 (doi: 10.5376/bm.2025.16.0023) Abstract Optimizing irrigation and fertilization system is a key measure to improve the yield and quality of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.). This study takes the optimization of irrigation and fertilization system as the starting point, systematically explores the effects of different water-fertilizer combinations on the growth and development, physiological characteristics, yield formation and quality indicators of kiwifruit, and deeply analyzes the green planting cases of three typical kiwifruit producing areas, respectively showing the significant effects of low-frequency and high-efficiency drip irrigation combined with organic fertilizer to replace part of chemical fertilizers, micro-spraying technology combined with basal application + topdressing strategy, and dynamic regulation measures based on the water and fertilizer requirements of fruit trees on improving fruit quality and yield level. The study shows that moderate irrigation combined with the optimization of the ratio of organic and inorganic nutrients can significantly increase the single fruit weight, soluble solids content, vitamin C concentration and sugar-acid ratio, improve the appearance and internal quality of the fruit, while maintaining soil fertility and reducing nutrient loss. This study hopes to promote high-quality and efficient production of kiwifruit and promote the development of green agriculture. Keywords Kiwifruit; Irrigation management; Fertilization system; Fruit quality; Sustainable agriculture 1 Introduction Kiwifruit cultivation is now facing many problems, such as increasing planting costs, shrinking planting areas, and lack of unified planting standards. These problems will lead to inefficient resource utilization and affect the sustainable development of the kiwifruit industry. Excessive use of mineral fertilizers and old-fashioned irrigation methods will cause waste and environmental pollution. In addition, some new problems have begun to emerge, such as "kiwifruit vine decline syndrome", which is often related to inadequate water management or poor soil conditions, and will also affect the yield and health of orchards (Sofo et al., 2024). The industry also has to face the challenges brought by climate change, such as unstable rainfall schedules or more extreme weather, which will affect kiwifruit yield and fruit quality (Rajan et al., 2024). Irrigation and fertilization are key to determining kiwifruit yield and quality. Kiwifruit is particularly sensitive to water, and water shortage and too much water will cause problems. Therefore, in order to avoid plant stress or disease, it is necessary to do a good job of irrigation management. Similarly, fertilization must also be particular, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. If fertilizer is used too much or at the wrong time, it will easily cause nutrient loss, deteriorate the soil, and be bad for the environment (Zhao et al., 2017; Lu et al., 2018; Kokkora et al., 2023). Some recent studies have mentioned that water-saving irrigation and integrated management methods are more reliable. These methods not only save water, but also make the fruit better and are more conducive to the long-term development of kiwifruit orchards. This study reviews the latest progress in optimizing irrigation and fertilization programs to improve kiwifruit yield and quality, examines the effects of different water and nutrient management strategies in different environments and growth stages, identifies best practices for balancing productivity and sustainability, and fills the current knowledge gap in orchard management, hoping to provide growers, researchers and policymakers with sustainable kiwifruit cultivation recommendations to support the industry's long-term viability and resilience in the face of environmental and economic challenges.
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