Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 238-245 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 241 5.2 GHG mitigation and carbon sequestration potential Compared with traditional rice cultivation methods, the rice-fish system can emit less greenhouse gases, especially methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) (Shakoor et al., 2021; Yoo et al., 2024). Fish farming can also help improve the soil environment and allow the soil to absorb more carbon, which is also helpful in mitigating global warming (Hu et al., 2023). In addition, "dry-wet alternating irrigation" and the use of organic fertilizers can not only reduce gas emissions, but also make the soil healthier. 5.3 Diversified outputs and increased farmer income The rice-fish model can not only grow rice, but also raise fish. With more output, farmers can make more money in more diversified ways. In this way, not only is food guaranteed, but income is also more stable. Whether it is market price fluctuations or bad weather, this combination of planting and breeding is more resistant to risks and is easier to be accepted and promoted by farmers (Liu and Chuang, 2023). 6 Case Studies and Regional Model Adaptation 6.1 Low-input, efficient rice-turtle model in Jiangxi "Turtle-rice symbiosis" means that both produce and grow at the same time, which is a win-win model. It is based on paddy fields (ponds), with the high-quality and safe production of rice and turtles as the core, giving full play to the advantages of turtle-rice symbiosis in weeding, pest control, insect repellent, and fertilizing fields, so as to achieve organic, pollution-free and high-quality agricultural product production (Thornavalli et al., 2024). The turtle and rice live together, as if returning to the wild environment. The turtle can hide in the rice bushes to play, and eat more "wild things", such as insects, frogs, snails, grass seeds, etc. in the rice fields and on the rice leaves. These are all natural feeds that could not be eaten in the simple turtle pond before. For rice, the feces of turtles and the amino acids in the pond are used as fertilizers for rice planting, without the need for weeding, fertilization and medication, which improves the quality of rice. The most serious harm to rice is the brown rice louse, and the larvae will eat a large number of rice leaves. Now putting turtles in rice fields has a significant insect-proof effect (Figure 2) (Shi et al., 2023). Figure 2 Model of rice-brown planthopper interactions (Adopted from Shi et al., 2023)
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