Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 238-245 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 240 Figure 1 Conceptual diagram of AWD influencing rice yield (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2023) 4 Nutrient and Input Management in Integrated Systems 4.1 Nutrient cycling through organic and aquaculture inputs In the rice-fish system, adding organic fertilizer and fish excrement can make the nutrient cycle smoother and more environmentally friendly. Fish feces are natural organic fertilizers that can increase the organic matter in the soil and make microorganisms active. In this way, the roots of rice can absorb more nutrients (Orellana et al., 2017; Jernigan et al., 2024). This method can use less chemical fertilizers, save money and reduce pollution, so that both rice and fish can grow better. 4.2 Efficient fertilizer use and application timing If you want to use less chemical fertilizers but get better results, the method is also very important. For example, "micro-fertilization" is to apply a little fertilizer at the sowing point or near the roots of rice, which can make the fertilizer absorbed faster, especially suitable for soils with insufficient nutrients (Tsujimoto et al., 2021). In addition, when to apply fertilizers is also important. If the fertilization time can be matched with the key growth period of rice, fertilizer loss can be reduced, rice can grow better, and the environment can be safer. 4.3 Feed management and its impact on soil and water quality In the rice-fish system, feeding fish also requires methods. The type and amount of feed will affect the nutrients in water and soil. If you feed too much, it is easy to make the water quality deteriorate and the soil will also have problems (Otero-Jiménez et al., 2021; Takele et al., 2023). Therefore, feeding should be reasonable. When to feed and how much to feed should be arranged according to the actual situation. In this way, the fish can eat well, the rice can grow normally, and the whole system can operate healthily and continuously. 5 Environmental and Economic Benefits 5.1 Improved water use efficiency and irrigation savings The rice-fish system can reduce the number of irrigations, and there is no need to release water all the time, which saves a lot of water. With fish in the fields, the water level is more stable and the water quality is better, so there is no need to add water frequently. Because less water is used, pumping water does not use as much electricity, which naturally saves energy. Overall, this management method is beneficial to water conservation and sustainable agricultural development (Ahmed et al., 2025).
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