Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 173-182 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 1 78 Environmental factors have a significant impact on the metabolism of O. marmorata. When foraging at night, the oxygen consumption of O. marmorata increases. The excretion of ammonia is closely related to foraging and peaks in the early morning. Resting metabolism is mainly affected by the daily cycle and not by ammonia metabolism (Lim et al., 2020). These physiological characteristics enable marble goby to effectively manage energy and waste in different habitats. 6.2 Physiological and behavioral mechanisms for adapting to different environments Marble goby adapts and survives in various environments through physiological and behavioral patterns. During the transition from freshwater to seawater, marble goby can perform low-permeability regulation. The levels of osmotic regulatory proteins in the gills increased, and the contents of osmotic substances in the tissues (such as free amino acids and glutamine) increased (Chew et al., 2009). When exposed to the air, marble goby can avoid the toxic accumulation of waste by increasing the activity of glutamine synthase in the liver to convert ammonia into glutamine and reduce the excretion of ammonia and urea (Jow et al., 1999). From a behavioral perspective, the O. marmorata preys at night, and its growth and metabolic rhythms are closely related to the light-dark cycle. The oxygen consumption and metabolic rate of marble goby reach their peak during nocturnal activities, which can support the foraging strategy of marble goby. The activity habit of the marble goby, which forages at night and rests during the day, can enhance energy efficiency and reduce the risk of being preyed upon. Daytime water quality renewal can maintain water quality suitable for the metabolic process of snailfish. 6.3 Relevant genes, proteins and their functions during the adaptation process The ecological adaptation of marble goby depends on some key molecular components in the body, namely the two subunits of Na+/K+-ATPase α (nkaα1 and nkaα3), which are upregulated in the gills of marble goby during the process of seawater adaptation. When exposed to a high-salinity environment, the transcriptional and protein levels of nkaα1 and nkaα3 significantly increased, thereby enhancing the ability of snailfish to regulate ion transport and maintain homeoequilibrium to adapt to the environment (Pang et al., 2020). The Na+:K+:2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC) and transmembrane receptor-like chloride channels in apical cystic fibrosis were also upregulated, further supporting the adaptive mechanism of osmotic regulation. From a behavioral perspective, the marble goby is a nocturnal ambush predator, and its growth and metabolic rhythms are closely related to the light-dark cycle. During nocturnal activities, the oxygen consumption and metabolic rate of the marble goby reach their peak, which is used to support the foraging strategy of the marble goby. The habit of black-headed fish foraging at night and resting during the day can improve energy efficiency and reduce the risk of being preyed on. Daytime water quality renewal can maintain water quality suitable for the metabolic process of snailfish. 7 The Influence of Human Activities on The Distribution and Adaptation of O. marmorata 7.1 Threats to species caused by water pollution, habitat loss and other human activities Human activities such as water pollution and habitat loss seriously threaten the survival of O. marmorata populations. Due to human intervention, O. marmorata have been introduced into new habitats, which may damage the local ecosystem and threaten the diversity of local fish species. The changes in habitat quality and structure may have adverse effects on O. marmorata and other aquatic species (Lestari et al., 2019). Pollution caused by agricultural runoff, industrial wastewater and urban development will deteriorate water quality and affect the growth and reproductive success of marble goby. The loss of habitats, especially those caused by dam construction, land reclamation and other habitat modification activities, will lead to the segmentation of populations and the reduction of suitable foraging, breeding and habitat environments. These changes may lead to a reduction in population size, increase the vulnerability of species to stress factors such as diseases and predation, and thereby further threaten the long-term survival of species.
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