Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 173-182 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 1 75 natural river connections and artificial migration routes. The evolutionary flexibility of marble goby enables them to occupy more freshwater habitats. 3.2 Reconstruct historical distribution through fossil records and genetic analysis Lacking direct fossil evidence, genetic analysis provides an important tool for reconstructing the historical distribution of marble goby. By using mitochondrial DNA barcodes, especially the COI gene, it was indicated that the genetic distance between domesticated populations and wild populations in Indonesia was relatively small, and there might be recent diffusion or continuous gene flow between these populations. In geographically isolated populations, haplotypes with the same or similar genes further support the views of modern species diffusion and coevolutionary history. In the population study introduced into the habitat, the snailfish established a large population in the Sempor reservoir, exceeding the assumed local distribution range (Lestari et al., 2019). The research results, combined with genetic data and the influence of human activities, have significantly expanded the historical distribution of O. marmorata over the past century. The reconstruction of these distribution patterns through genetic markers compensates for the deficiencies of the fossil record and reveals the mechanisms driving species expansion. 3.3 The influence of different geographical regions on the species distribution pattern The distribution area of marble goby is influenced by both natural factors and human activities. In the native distribution area and the introduced distribution area, the O. marmorata shows adaptability to freshwater habitats, and there are significant differences in population size and development intensity in different regions. The studies related to the Sempor Reservoir mentioned that there were differences in population density and mortality rate at the reservoir's inlet, middle and outlet, and these differences were affected by fishery stress and natural factors. Regional differences highlight the ecological adaptability of the marble goby and the influence of local environmental conditions on its distribution. Despite the isolation of water areas, snailfish still maintain a high degree of genetic similarity, suggesting that there may have been recent colonization or continuous gene flow between water areas. The genetic homogeneity of cross-regional populations highlights the impact of artificial introduction and the ability of marble goby to rapidly establish populations in new environments. The current distribution of O. marmorata can reflect the complex interaction among historical biogeography, ecological adaptation and human activities. 4 Geographical Distribution and Ecological Adaptation 4.1 The current geographical distribution range and its expansion process The O. marmorata is distributed in Southeast Asia, such as Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua. The O. marmorata is native to China. It was introduced to Indonesia in 1927 and has since become an important organism in the local freshwater ecosystem (Syaifudin et al., 2021). The O. marmorata inhabits freshwater reservoirs in Indonesia (such as Sempor Reservoir), indicating that O. marmorata can successfully settle and continuously expand in new habitats. Both natural introduction and artificial introduction methods can expand the growth area of the marble goby population. According to the population study of Sempor Reservoir, O. marmorata can adapt to different areas of the reservoir, and the population size and development intensity in different areas are correlated (Figure 1) (Lestari et al., 2019). This adaptability enables marble goby to inhabit and survive in various freshwater areas, promoting the continuous expansion of the marble goby population. 4.2 Adaptation characteristics of species to different ecological environments Marble goby has strong adaptability in different ecological environments, as well as strong physiological and behavioral adaptability. As a nocturnal ambush predator, the marble goby exhibits a circadian metabolic rhythm, and its oxygen consumption significantly increases when foraging at night. The oxygen consumption of the fed individuals was significantly higher than that of the unfed individuals, indicating the energy requirement for
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