Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 173-182 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 1 74 2 Species Overview and Current Classification Status 2.1 Classification and morphological characteristics of bamboo O. marmorata O. marmorata is a kind of freshwater fish. In the study of 1852, Bleeker was the first to describe the marble goby. The marble goby belongs to the Butidae family. In terms of morphological characteristics, the marble goby is characterized by a thick body, mottled skin, a large mouth and a concealed body shape. These characteristics are suitable for ambush hunting, enabling the marble goby to effectively integrate into the surrounding environment and catch prey. This species exhibits sex dimorphism. Males usually grow faster and larger than females and have unique gonadal development characteristics. This phenomenon has been confirmed through the different expressions of sex differentiation genes (such as Dmrt1 and Foxl2) in germ cells and somatic cells, which is of great significance for understanding their reproductive biology and aquaculture potential. 2.2 Habitat requirements and ecological niche characteristics of O. marmorata O. marmorata lives in various freshwater environments, including rivers, reservoirs and lakes, and is known for its nocturnal activity and ambush hunting behavior. These behaviors are accompanied by a high metabolic rate during nocturnal foraging. The O. marmorata is suitable for living in freshwater with good water quality. Its foraging and metabolic activities are closely related to the diurnal cycle. When marble goby forage and are active at night, their oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion will reach their peak (Mai, 2024). From an ecological perspective, O. marmorata are in the position of top predators in their habitats and can affect the local ecological structure. When O. marmorata are introduced to non-native distribution areas, they may pose a threat to the diversity of local fish species, which also indicates that careful population management and control are needed in non-native ecosystems. 2.3 Similarities and differences between the O. marmorata and its genus and species Compared with other genera and species, O. marmorata has a distinct preference for acidic foods, consuming organic acids and specific amino acids, and showing rejection towards sugar and traditional flavor substances. This may not be obvious or may not exist in other families and genera of O. marmorata (Wang et al., 2024). Although the marble goby has general adaptive features such as benthic and ambush predation, its unique metabolic, foraging and reproductive characteristics (nocturnal activity and distinctive gene expression patterns) distinguish it from members of other families and genera. Like other species in the same genus as the O. marmorata, the marble goby demonstrates strong adaptability in freshwater environments and shows similar growth patterns and ecological functions to other species of the marble goby family, which helps regulate the predator population and maintain the overall balance of the ecosystem. 3 Origin and Historical Distribution 3.1 The evolutionary history of species and the geographical origin hypothesis O. marmorata is widely distributed in Southeast Asia, such as in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Papua and other regions. To reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among species and their populations, the study of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequence in mitochondrial DNA in genetic analysis provides an important basis. The research by Syaifudin et al. (2021) indicates that there is a close genetic relationship between wild populations and domesticated populations in Indonesia, suggesting that they may have originated from the same ancestor and differentiated in relatively nearby areas of Indonesia. The clustering results of domesticated and wild populations on the phylogenetic tree also illustrate the hypothesis that the evolutionary origin of the O. marmorata should have originated from the freshwater system in Southeast Asia. Some historical research records can prove that the marble goby originated in China and was introduced to Indonesia in 1927. The marble goby has a strong ability to spread and adapt, which can be promoted through
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