Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 162-172 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 170 (such as iFish ency, etc.), and researchers can create a more targeted sub-library for snakehead fish. Furthermore, whole-genome selective breeding experiments can be carried out to associate molecular markers with disease resistance and assist in the selection of disease-resistant parents (Zhu et al., 2024). 7.2 Building a stable gene editing technology platform To truly promote the application of the technical path of snakehead gene editing, it is necessary to develop it into an efficient, low-cost, and scalable stable technology platform. In terms of technical optimization, the efficiency and accuracy of CRISPR editing need to be improved. A supporting detection and screening system should also be developed (Ferdous et al., 2022). If the edited snakehead fry are to be mass-produced in the future, it is necessary to quickly identify which embryos/juveniles have successfully undergone the required mutations. Another thing to pay attention to is off-target monitoring. Perhaps the whole genome of the breeding fish can be quickly tested through third-generation sequencing, and then the algorithm can be used to determine the impact of potential off-target mutations and screen out unqualified individuals. In addition to the technology itself, platform construction also includes personnel training and standard establishment. At the same time, operating specifications and standards should be formulated. For example, the survival rate of embryo injection should be what, the off-target rate detection standard, the population breeding generation requirements, etc. Only with unified standards can the quality of edited fish produced by different batches and different institutions be guaranteed to be consistent. 7.3 Promotion path from laboratory to industrialization The real application of gene-edited disease-resistant black fish in aquaculture production requires a series of transformation steps from laboratory results to commercial products. The first is pilot testing and strain selection. After obtaining the ideal disease-resistant edited black fish strain in the laboratory, it is necessary to conduct pilot breeding tests in an environment close to actual breeding conditions. This test usually lasts for one breeding cycle to fully evaluate the effect. If the edited strain performs well, it can enter the new variety approval process (Okoli et al., 2022). Only after passing the approval can it be promoted as a legal variety. The next step is large-scale breeding. Like traditional fish species, edited black fish needs to establish a great-grandparent-grandparent-parent breeding system to ensure the stability and supply of germplasm. Industrialization also needs to solve cost and efficiency issues. At present, the cost of laboratory-scale gene editing operations is relatively high (large manpower investment and high screening losses). As the technology matures, these costs are expected to decrease. On the other hand, market promotion needs to consider the acceptance of farmers, and public publicity and popular science should also keep up. Through media reports on the results of demonstration sites and experts’ interpretation of the safety of fish, society will gradually accept this new thing and pave the way for the market. Finally, consider the international market. Snakehead fish is not only consumed domestically, but also exported to neighboring countries. Acknowledgments Thanks to the peer reviewers for their suggestions on improving this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Chen J., Li Y., Wang W., Xia L., Wang Z., Hou S., Huang J., and Lu Y., 2018, Transcriptome analysis of immune-related gene expression in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀×Channa argus ♂) after challenge with Nocardia seriolae, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 81: 476-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.039 Chen X., Zhang J., Li M., Tian J., Niu X., Shan X., Luo S., Wang G., and Qian A., 2023, Liver transcriptome analysis and identification of differentially expressed immune gene response to Aeromonas veronii infection in Channa argus, Aquaculture International, 31(3): 1195-1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01079-7 Ferdous M.A., Islam S.I., Habib N., Almehmadi M., Allahyani M., Alsaiari A.A., and Shafie A., 2022, CRISPR-Cas genome editing technique for fish disease management: current study and future perspective, Microorganisms, 10(10): 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102012
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