Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 117-136 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 123 forest improves the sanitation and pollination environment of the forest, and local pig manure provides organic nutrients for the planting industry, realizing the cycle of planting and breeding. The diversification of agricultural systems helps to enhance ecological stability and sustainability (Cui, 2024). The experience of Pan'an shows that by developing diversified ecological breeding with local characteristics, it not only protects biodiversity, but also opens up a new path for increasing rural income. 3.3 Micro-ecological management in highland rice and vegetable cultivation Pan'an has many mountains, and the cool microclimate in the mountains provides special conditions for the development of alpine vegetables and high-quality rice. According to the characteristics of different altitudes and seasons, the local area has innovated a series of microecological planting and management technologies to achieve the combination of planting and breeding and ecological cycle, which not only improves the quality of crop yields, but also protects the agricultural ecological environment. A typical case is the development experience of Guo Linming, a farmer in Panfeng Township. He was originally a low-income farmer. With the support of the "Happiness Plan", he began to grow late rice and interplant Chinese medicinal materials in rice fields. After the rice is harvested every year, water-resistant Chinese medicinal herbs such as Polygonatum are planted in the rice fields, and the rice is turned over and planted the next year to achieve rice-drug rotation. The late rice maturity period avoids the peak of pests and diseases, and the interplanted Chinese medicinal herbs can suppress weeds to a certain extent. The application of pesticides is reduced during the entire planting process, and the quality of rice is improved. Medicinal herbs grow well in the moist soil environment of rice fields, bringing additional income. In 2020, Guo Linming's total income from planting late rice and interplanting Polygonatum reached 170,000 yuan, a large part of which came from the sale of medicinal herbs. This "rice-drug co-cultivation" model has increased the land multiple cropping index and unit area benefits, and has become an innovation in the alpine terraced field area. Similar to this is the "rice-fish symbiosis" technology. Some alpine terraced fields in Pan'an adopt the rice field fish farming model, raising carp, rice flower fish and other varieties in the rice fields. The fish eat Cordyceps and stir the muddy water, which not only reduces pests and weeds, but also provides natural fertilizer for rice. In the end, rice production increased and fish became a by-product (Huang and Li, 2024). Another example is the promotion of leguminous green manure and cash crop rotation and intercropping technology in alpine vegetable bases. For example, planting green manure crops such as astragalus before and after planting alpine cabbage and cauliflower can improve the soil and beautify the countryside; or intercropping beans between corn rows to meet part of the nitrogen fertilizer demand with leguminous nitrogen fixation. These microecological management measures are more effective when combined with modern biotechnology. Pan'an Agricultural Department has introduced microbial preparations, such as EM bacteria, which are used to compost and ferment alpine vegetable straw to make organic fertilizer and return it to the field to enhance soil microbial activity; another example is the use of traps and biological pesticides to control alpine vegetable pests, which has achieved significant results in the high-altitude and cold environment with low insect population density, and basically no chemical pesticides are used. Mihrete and Mihretu (2025) pointed out that diversified crop planting methods such as intercropping and intercropping can help optimize resource utilization and improve yield stability (Figure 3). It is through these microecological technologies that Pan'an's alpine agriculture has achieved "small ecology" to promote "large production". At the same time, the integrated cultivation and breeding of alpine vegetables and rice fields is developed according to local conditions, which not only improves the product quality (alpine vegetables generally have low nitrate content and good taste, and alpine rice has small and plump grains and strong rice fragrance), but also forms a terraced landscape and rice field fishing song culture with sightseeing value, further promoting the development of leisure agriculture and rural tourism. Alpine vegetable and rice microecological cultivation is another agricultural biological innovation model explored by Pan'an based on mountain ecological conditions, which has turned green waters and green mountains into a continuous source of gold and silver.
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