Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 100-107 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 102 (2022) and Wang and Zhang in 2024 proposed that marker-assisted selection uses DNA markers associated with specific traits to allow breeders to select more efficiently for complex traits. Research by Migicovsky and Myles in 2017 showed that marker-assisted selection is well suited for perennial crops such as durians, which tend to consume a lot of time and money due to their long young growing periods (Figure 1). He et al. (2014) pointed out that the combination of MAS and high-throughput genotyping technology can accelerate the breeding process by economically and efficiently screening good traits in large populations. Figure 1 Schematic of breeding using marker-assisted selection (MAS) (Adopted from Migicovsky and Myles, 2017) Image caption: Wild relatives containing a trait of interest are crossed with a cultivated crop. In this example, the wild parent is heterozygous for a dominant Mendelian trait. With a marker associated with this trait, offspring can be screened for the trait and eliminated at the seedling stage. MAS ensures that the trait of interest is present in the progeny through several generations of backcrossing. Not shown here is that, with each generation, there is an increase in the proportion of cultivated ancestry while maintaining the desirable wild trait (Adopted from Migicovsky and Myles, 2017) 4.3 Genome-wide association studies in durian GWAS scans the durian's entire genome to identify genetic variants associated with specific phenotypic traits. Yue (2013) and Tiwari et al. in 2022 showed that GWAS was applied in durian and revealed the genetic basis of complex traits in other crops to improve breeding efficiency. Researchers used GWAS to identify single nucleotide polymorphism markers associated with target traits and develop new durian varieties with better traits. Meuwissen et al. (2013) suggested that whole-genome marker data could improve the accuracy and speed of breeding by combining GWAS with genomic selection methods to predict individual breeding values. 5 Precision Genomic Selection and CRISPR Applications 5.1 High-throughput genotyping for durian improvement In their study in 2020, Salgotra and Stewart proposed that high-throughput sequencing technology could rapidly identify functional markers highly correlated with durian phenotypic variation, improve selection efficiency, and
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