Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 83-99 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 95 found that moderate exercise can increase the diameter and oxidative metabolic capacity of muscle fibers through epigenetic pathways, then the farm can consider providing meat goats with a certain amount of activity space or free-range feeding to improve meat quality. Nutrition such as specific vitamins and trace elements can affect the activity of DNA/histone modifying enzymes and can also be used as an adjustment strategy. For example, the levels of methyl donors such as choline and folic acid affect DNA methylation; ketoacids and niacin affect histone acetylation; these can all be taken into account in feed formulation in order to optimize the epigenetic regulatory environment for muscle growth. Of course, this requires a lot of experiments to verify the effect. Figure 2 Differentially expressed genes in the RNA-Seq data (Adopted from Wang et al., 2017) Image caption: Volcano plot of statistically significant differentially expressed genes at P ≤ 0.05 identified from the RNA-Seq libraries of normal and transgenic goat muscle (1A, 1B, 1C). A Venn diagram showing the DEGs identified from comparisons of FGF5 vs WT goats, FM vs WT goats and FM vs FGF5 goats (1D) +/-+/-+/-+/- (Adopted from Wang et al., 2017) 7 Future Prospects and Challenges 7.1 Expanding the application of multi-omics in livestock Single-cell multi-omics has shown great potential in livestock muscle research, and there are several major directions for expansion in the future. The first is the expansion of the scope of application: in addition to skeletal muscle development, this technology can also be applied to the study of other important tissues and traits of livestock, such as metabolic regulation of adipose tissue, mammary gland development and lactation, and germ cell development. In fact, Chinese scholars have used single-cell transcriptomes for research on goat testicular development and sheep wool follicle development, and have achieved breakthrough insights (Xiong et al., 2022). These successful experiences show that it is feasible and valuable to conduct single-cell omics research on livestock species. In terms of skeletal muscle, research topics can be further refined in the future, such as: single-cell omics changes during muscle injury repair (to explore ways to improve muscle regeneration ability), single-cell maps of developmental differences in different muscle parts (leg muscles vs. longissimus dorsi), and sex differences in muscle development (male and female livestock). These will provide more specific guidance for breeding. For example, if it is found that the slow growth of leg muscles in a certain breed is due to specific signals that limit the activity of satellite cells, targeted improvements can be made during breeding.
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