Bioscience Methods 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 11-22 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 18 water use efficiency and nutrient uptake. For instance, optimized fertilization practices, such as the one-time application of new compound fertilizers at specific growth stages, have been demonstrated to increase maize yield by synchronizing soil nutrient supply with crop requirements (Li et al., 2022). Additionally, the use of biochar with inorganic fertilizers has been found to improve nitrogen use efficiency and yield, especially under water deficit conditions, by enhancing the plant's defense system and nutrient uptake (El-Syed et al., 2023). These practices collectively contribute to higher yields and better quality in sweet corn cultivation. 8.2 Region-specific adaptation cultivation models In the South Asian subtropical region, managing fresh corn cultivation under high-temperature conditions requires adaptive strategies that consider local climatic challenges. The use of genotype-environment-management (G×E×M) interactions has been effective in optimizing maize productivity and eco-efficiency. For example, delaying sowing dates and adjusting planting densities have been shown to mitigate the negative effects of high temperatures, thereby enhancing maize yields (Xin and Tao, 2019; Zhang et al., 2020). These adaptive management practices are crucial for maintaining yield stability and quality in regions facing climatic extremes. 8.3 Green and ecological cultivation models Sustainable cultivation models that incorporate organic fertilizers and biological control methods have proven effective in enhancing soil health and crop yield. The incorporation of organic fertilizers, such as compost, alongside inorganic fertilizers, has been shown to significantly improve soil quality and crop yield by increasing soil organic carbon and nitrogen content (Zhou et al., 2022). Additionally, the use of biochar with organic amendments has been found to improve maize yield and quality by enhancing soil microbial activity and nutrient availability (El-Syed et al., 2023). These green cultivation practices not only boost yield but also promote ecological sustainability by reducing reliance on chemical inputs and enhancing soil biodiversity. 8.4 Facility promoted early cultivation mode In Zhejiang, by raising the temperature in greenhouses and using plug trays or nutrient bowls for seedling cultivation, the seedling cultivation of fresh corn is advanced to early February, transplanted in late February, and fresh ears are harvested in mid May (Figure 4). The sales unit price of fresh ears is over 15 yuan/kilogram, and the output value reaches 150 000 yuan/hm2, achieving a "1 000 kg grain yield and 10 000 yuan income of per acre (6 667 m2)". It is listed as the main technology promoted by the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Zhejiang Province (Zhao et al.,2020). Figure 4 Greenhouse promotes early cultivation of fresh corn in Zhejiang Image caption: a: Plug seedling cultivation in greenhouse; b: Greenhouse cultivation 9 Current Challenges and Future Directions 9.1 Challenges posed by environmental changes Environmental changes, such as climate change and soil degradation, present significant challenges to maize cultivation. Climate change impacts, including increased temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, affect maize yield and quality. For instance, in the North China Plain, maize yield has been observed to decrease due to increased minimum temperatures and decreased solar radiation (Zhang et al., 2020). Soil degradation, characterized by declining soil quality, further complicates cultivation management. The incorporation of organic
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