Bioscience Methods 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 337-347 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 342 Additionally, the development of nested association mapping (NAM) populations has revealed significant marker-trait associations, demonstrating the value of expanding the genetic base of soybean breeding (Diers et al., 2018). These genetic advancements are crucial for developing high-yield, disease-resistant soybean cultivars (Hong and Huang, 2024). 5.2 Role of biotechnology in enhancing soybean productivity Biotechnology plays a significant role in enhancing soybean productivity by introducing traits such as insect resistance and herbicide tolerance. These biotech traits indirectly contribute to yield improvement by reducing losses due to pests and weeds (Ramachandra et al., 2015). Moreover, the integration of high-throughput phenotyping technologies, such as UAV-based multispectral imaging, has improved the accuracy of selecting high-yield soybean varieties. This technology allows for the efficient selection of superior genotypes based on image-derived secondary traits, which has been shown to outperform traditional breeder selections (Zhou et al., 2022). These biotechnological advancements are essential for meeting the increasing global demand for soybean. 5.3 Marker-assisted selection (MAS) in soybean breeding Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has revolutionized soybean breeding by enabling the precise selection of desirable traits. MAS involves the use of molecular markers linked to specific traits, allowing for the efficient selection of high-yield and stress-resistant varieties. For example, MAS has been successfully used to stack multiple stress resistance genes in rice, demonstrating its potential for similar applications in soybean (Ludwików et al., 2015). Additionally, the identification of SNP markers associated with key agronomic traits through GWAS provides valuable resources for MAS in soybean breeding programs (Diers et al., 2018; Ravelombola et al., 2021). The integration of MAS with genomic selection further enhances the efficiency and accuracy of breeding efforts. 5.4 CRISPR and genetic modification for yield enhancement CRISPR and other genetic modification techniques offer promising avenues for yield enhancement in soybean. These technologies allow for precise genome editing to introduce or modify traits that contribute to higher yield and stress tolerance. For instance, the loss-of-function of the GIGANTEA gene in soybean has been shown to enhance salt tolerance and early maturity, providing a target for molecular breeding (Dong et al., 2022). Additionally, the development of genomic resources and advanced breeding techniques, such as speed breeding and machine learning, further supports the application of CRISPR in soybean improvement (Thudi et al., 2020). These cutting-edge technologies hold significant potential for achieving substantial yield gains in soybean cultivation. The genetic improvement of soybean for high yield and disease resistance has made significant strides through the application of advanced molecular techniques and biotechnological innovations. Genetic selection, biotechnology, MAS, and CRISPR-based genetic modification are all contributing to the development of superior soybean cultivars. These advancements are essential for meeting the growing global demand for soybean and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices. 6 Sustainable Agricultural Practices for Soybean Cultivation 6.1 Integrated pest management (IPM) and its role in sustainable soybean farming Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a cornerstone of sustainable soybean farming, offering a balanced approach to pest control that minimizes environmental impact while maintaining or enhancing crop yields. IPM strategies incorporate a variety of pest control methods, including biological control, cultural practices, and the judicious use of chemical pesticides based on economic thresholds. For instance, the adoption of IPM in Brazil has significantly reduced pesticide applications from six to approximately two per season, demonstrating both economic and environmental benefits (Bortolotto et al., 2015; Bueno et al., 2023). Additionally, IPM practices have been shown to conserve beneficial insects such as pollinators, which are crucial for crop productivity. A study in the Midwestern United States revealed that IPM could reduce insecticide use by 95% while increasing crop yields through enhanced pollination by wild bees (Pecenka et al., 2021). These findings underscore the potential of IPM to achieve sustainable pest management in soybean cultivation.
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