Bioscience Methods 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 289-301 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 299 trees with optimized rubber production by manipulating the MEP and MVA pathways. The identification of key regulatory genes and noncoding RNAs involved in rubber biosynthesis can be leveraged to improve rubber yield and quality through targeted breeding programs and biotechnological interventions. Moreover, the comparative genomic data can aid in the discovery of novel genes and pathways that could be exploited for synthetic biology applications to produce rubber and other valuable isoprenoids in microbial systems. The future of rubber biosynthesis research holds promising potential for both fundamental and applied sciences. Continued efforts in genome sequencing and functional genomics will be crucial to uncover the complex regulatory networks governing rubber biosynthesis in different species. Integrating multi-omics approaches, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, will provide a holistic understanding of the biosynthetic pathways and their regulation. Advances in CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene-editing technologies offer exciting opportunities to precisely modify key genes and pathways to enhance rubber production. Collaborative research across disciplines, including plant biology, genetics, biochemistry, and bioengineering, will be essential to translate these scientific insights into practical applications, ultimately leading to sustainable and efficient rubber production systems. Acknowledgments We appreciate the feedback from two anonymous peer reviewers on the manuscript of this study. Funding This research was funded by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [31870285, 30660146, 32160384], Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Talent Special Project (No. 2023-02 and 2024-02), Guizhou Province Science and Technology Foundation- ZK[2024] General 010, National High Tech nology Research and Development Program of China (“863′′ Program) grant number 2013AA102605-05, Talent Base for Germplasm Resources Utilization and Innovation of Characteristic Plant in Guizhou (RCJD2018-14). Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Ambily P., Thomas M., Sreelatha S., Krishnakumar R., Annamalainathan K., and Jacob J., 2019, Expression analysis of rubber biosynthetic pathway genes in Hevea brasiliensis, Journal of Plantation Crops, 46(2): 102-111. https://doi.org/10.25081/ jpc.2018.v46.i2.3721 Cao Y., Zhai J., Wang Q., Yuan H., and Huang X., 2016, Function of Hevea brasiliensis NAC1 in dehydration-induced laticifer differentiation and latex biosynthesis, Planta, 245: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-016-2589-0 Cherian S., Ryu S., and Cornish K., 2019, Natural rubber biosynthesis in plants, the rubber transferase complex, and metabolic engineering progress and prospects, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 17(11): 2041-2061. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13181 Chow K., Bahari A., Taylor M., and Marshall D., 2020, Genomics of rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis, In: The Rubber Tree Genome, pp.93-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42258-5_7 Chow K., Mat-Isa M., Bahari A., Ghazali A., Alias H., Mohd-Zainuddin Z., Hoh C., and Wan K., 2011, Metabolic routes affecting rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis latex, Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(5): 1863-1871. https://doi.org/10.1093 /jxb/err363 Chow K., Wan K., Isa M., Bahari A., Tan S., Harikrishna K., and Yeang H., 2007, Insights into rubber biosynthesis from transcriptome analysis of Hevea brasiliensis latex, Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(10): 2429-2440. https://doi.org/10.1093/ JXB/ERM093 Chuntai W., Sun L., Li Y., and Zeng R., 2017, Molecular characterization and expression analysis of two farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase genes involved in rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis, Industrial Crops and Products, 108: 398-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2017.06.042 Guo D., Li H., Zhu J., Wang Y., and Peng S., 2022, HbTGA1, a TGA transcription factor fromHevea brasiliensis, regulates the expression of multiple natural rubber biosynthesis genes, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 909098. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpls.2022.909098 Kajiura H., Suzuki N., Tokumoto Y., Yoshizawa T., Takeno S., Fujiyama K., Kaneko Y., Matsumura H., and Nakazawa Y., 2017, Two Eucommia farnesyl diphosphate synthases exhibit distinct enzymatic properties leading to end product preferences, Biochimie, 139: 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.001
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