Bioscience Methods 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 207-215 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 211 integrity of the cell wall and leading to fungal cell death. This study suggests that yeast-mediated enzyme production represents a promising biological control strategy for managing fungal plant pathogens, potentially offering an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fungicides. By disrupting the cell wall's structural components, these enzymes help to weaken the fungus, ultimately preventing its spread and infection in crops. The findings highlight the potential for using yeast in sustainable agricultural practices to reduce crop losses caused by phytopathogenic fungi. 5 Comparative Analysis of Preservation Techniques 5.1 Efficiency in reducing post-harvest losses Various preservation techniques have been studied to reduce post-harvest losses in loquat fruit. Wrapping with sterile non-woven gauze, expanded polyethylene, and polyethylene foam fruit net, as well as coatings with konjac glucomannan, have shown significant efficacy in reducing fruit decay and extending shelf life. These methods also help in maintaining higher levels of total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid. Additionally, low-temperature storage, although effective in prolonging shelf life, can lead to chilling injury, which reduces the quality and economic value of the fruit. Nanotechnology-based active packaging has emerged as a promising alternative, offering extended storage periods and improved post-harvest quality by removing ethylene and providing antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. 5.2 Economic viability and cost analysis The economic viability of preservation techniques is a crucial factor for their adoption. Traditional methods like cold storage and chemical treatments are often cost-effective but come with drawbacks such as chilling injury and chemical residues. On the other hand, advanced techniques like nanotechnology-based active packaging, while potentially more effective, may involve higher initial costs due to the need for specialized materials and technology. Wrapping methods using sterile non-woven gauze and polyethylene foam fruit net are relatively low-cost and have been suggested as convenient and practical options for extending shelf life. The tray drying method, although useful on a small scale, can be industrialized, making it a viable option for larger operations. 5.3 Environmental impact and sustainability considerations Sustainability is an important consideration in the selection of post-harvest preservation techniques. Traditional chemical methods often leave residues that can be harmful to the environment. In contrast, physical methods like wrapping and low-temperature storage have a lower environmental impact but may still contribute to energy consumption and waste generation. Nanotechnology-based active packaging offers a more sustainable alternative by reducing the need for chemical preservatives and potentially lowering energy consumption through more efficient storage conditions. Additionally, biological control methods and the use of natural coatings like konjac glucomannan are environmentally friendly options that can reduce the reliance on synthetic chemicals. In summary, while traditional methods remain widely used due to their cost-effectiveness, emerging technologies like nanotechnology and natural coatings offer promising alternatives that balance efficiency, economic viability, and environmental sustainability (Lu, 2024). 6 Application of Preservation Techniques in Reducing Post-Harvest Losses 6.1 Integration of techniques in supply chains The integration of various preservation techniques into supply chains is crucial for reducing post-harvest losses of loquat fruit. Several methods have been identified as effective in extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality of loquat. For instance, wrapping loquat fruits in sterile non-woven gauze or polyethylene foam fruit nets, and coating them with konjac glucomannan have shown significant promise in reducing decay rates and preserving sensory quality. Additionally, advanced postharvest treatments such as active packaging, vacuum impregnation, and high hydrostatic pressure have been implemented to maintain the nutritional value and safety of fresh produce during transportation to distant markets. The use of nanotechnology in active packaging is also emerging as a state-of-the-art solution to extend the post-harvest storage period and improve the quality of loquats by removing ethylene and incorporating antioxidants and antimicrobials (Santos et al., 2019).
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