Bioscience Methods 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 244-254 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 252 this species (Cai et al., 2020; Li and Yang, 2020; Wang et al., 2020). These genomic tools can be further utilized to identify specific molecular markers for distinguishing between closely related species and understanding their evolutionary relationships (Wang et al., 2020). Network pharmacology can elucidate the complex interactions between bioactive compounds and their targets, offering a systematic approach to uncovering the mechanisms of action in treating diseases like chronic gastritis (Yang et al., 2020). Additionally, advanced metabolomic techniques such as 1H NMR spectroscopy can aid in the precise identification and classification of Atractylodes species, enhancing the quality control of medicinal products (Shirahata et al., 2021). 8.3 Integration of genomic data with traditional knowledge Integrating genomic data with traditional knowledge of A. macrocephala can lead to a more holistic understanding of its medicinal properties. Traditional uses of A. macrocephala in treating various ailments are well-documented, but combining this ethnopharmacological knowledge with modern genomic and pharmacological data can validate and potentially expand its therapeutic applications (Zhu et al., 2018). For instance, understanding the genetic basis of bioactive compound production can help in the selective breeding of high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties (Chen et al., 2018). Moreover, integrating genomic insights with traditional processing methods can optimize the extraction and efficacy of essential oils and other bioactive compounds (Gu et al., 2019). This interdisciplinary approach can bridge the gap between traditional practices and modern scientific research, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies and sustainable cultivation practices. By addressing these gaps and leveraging emerging technologies, future research can unlock the full potential of Atractylodes macrocephala, ensuring its continued relevance and efficacy in modern medicine. 9 Concluding Remarks Atractylodes macrocephala, a traditional medicinal plant widely used in East Asia, has been the subject of extensive genomic and pharmacological research. The complete plastome sequence of A. macrocephala has been characterized, revealing a genome of 153 265 bp with 107 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 23 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. This genomic information provides a foundation for understanding the genetic basis of its medicinal properties. Phylogenetic analyses have confirmed the monophyletic nature of Atractylodes and its close relationship with other species in the Cardueae tribe. Phytochemical studies have identified over 79 chemical compounds in A. macrocephala, including sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, polyacetylenes, and polysaccharides, which contribute to its diverse pharmacological activities. These compounds exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-oxidative, and neuroprotective effects, among others. Network pharmacology has further elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, highlighting key pathways such as the interleukin-17 signaling pathway and the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway. The comprehensive genomic and pharmacological insights into A. macrocephala have significant implications for both medicine and agriculture. In medicine, the identification of bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action supports the traditional use of A. macrocephala in treating various ailments, including gastrointestinal dysfunction, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. The anti-hyperuricemic and anti-inflammatory properties of A. macrocephala, demonstrated in animal models, suggest its potential as a therapeutic agent for conditions such as gout and rheumatoid arthritis. In agriculture, the genomic data can be leveraged to improve the cultivation and quality control of A. macrocephala. Understanding the genetic basis of its medicinal properties can inform breeding programs aimed at enhancing the production of bioactive compounds. Additionally, the identification of molecular markers can aid in the accurate identification and differentiation of A. macrocephala from related species, ensuring the authenticity and efficacy of medicinal products. The research on Atractylodes macrocephala has unveiled its genetic secrets and medicinal functions, providing a robust foundation for future studies. However, several areas warrant further investigation. The molecular mechanisms and structure-function relationships of the identified bioactive compounds need to be elucidated in greater detail. Additionally, the potential synergistic and antagonistic effects of these compounds should be explored to optimize their therapeutic efficacy. Future research should also focus on the long-term toxicity and clinical efficacy of A. macrocephala, ensuring its safe and effective use in modern medicine. The integration of
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