Bioscience Methods 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 244-254 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 250 approaches have also been employed to identify active ingredients and drug targets, revealing key pathways such as the interleukin-17 signaling pathway and the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, which are implicated in the treatment of chronic gastritis (Yang et al., 2020). Figure 3 The types and distribution of repeat sequences in 24Atractylodes plastid genomes (Adopted from Liu et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) The number of each of the four repeat types (F, forward; P, palindrome; R, reverse; C, complement). (B) The distribution of repeat sequences across three regions: LSC, SSC, and IR (Adopted from Liu et al., 2022) 6.2 Genetic regulation of phytochemical biosynthesis The biosynthesis of phytochemicals in A. macrocephala is tightly regulated by its genetic makeup. Studies have shown that the expression of genes involved in terpenoid synthesis is significantly different between one-year and three-year growth rhizomes, with a notable downregulation in the latter (Fang et al., 2022). This suggests that the age of the plant influences the accumulation of bioactive compounds. Furthermore, the complete plastome sequence analysis has identified 107 unique genes, including those coding for proteins, tRNAs, and rRNAs, which play a role in the biosynthesis of various phytochemicals (Cai et al., 2020). The genetic diversity observed in cultivated and wild populations of A. macrocephala also indicates that domestication has impacted the genetic regulation of phytochemical biosynthesis, with certain landraces harboring unique gene pools that could be valuable for breeding programs aimed at enhancing medicinal quality (Chen et al., 2018). 6.3 Genomic insights into pharmacological activities Genomic studies have provided valuable insights into the pharmacological activities of A. macrocephala. The identification of sesquiterpenoids and other bioactive compounds from its rhizomes has been linked to its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and neuroprotective effects (Si et al., 2021). For example, sesquiterpenoids isolated fromA. macrocephala have shown significant inhibition of nitric oxide production in microglia cells, suggesting their potential in treating neuroinflammatory conditions (Si et al., 2021). Additionally, the genetic analysis of A. macrocephala has revealed its potential in treating hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis by modulating the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway and inhibiting NF-κB activation (Qian et al., 2022). These findings underscore the importance of genetic studies in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the medicinal properties of A. macrocephalaand in developing new therapeutic applications. In conclusion, the comprehensive genomic analysis of Atractylodes macrocephala has unveiled key genes and pathways involved in its medicinal functions, the genetic regulation of phytochemical biosynthesis, and the genomic insights into its pharmacological activities. These findings provide a solid foundation for future research aimed at enhancing the medicinal quality and therapeutic potential of this valuable herb.
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