Bioscience Methods 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 226-236 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 233 Another challenge is the complexity of coordinating multiple targets within a single breeding program. The identification and validation of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with key traits such as grain quality and yield are crucial. Meta-QTL analysis and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used to identify breeding-friendly QTLs, which can be further utilized to model plant architecture and enhance desirable traits through marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering, and genome editing (Figure 3)(Sethi et al., 2023). Figure 3 Distribution of MQTLs on different maize chromosomes (Adopted from Sethi et al., 2023) Image caption: MQTLs associated with both quality and yield-associated traits, BFQ: breeder-friendly quality trait MQTLs, BFY: breeder-friendly yield trait MQTLs, BFC: breeder-friendly common MQTLs (involving both quality and yield-related traits) (Adopted from Sethi et al., 2023) Furthermore, the successful implementation of molecular marker-assisted breeding requires innovative models for resource-pooling and intellectual-property-respecting partnerships. These models are essential for enhancing the level and scope of molecular marker-assisted breeding, particularly in regions with limited resources (Prasanna et al., 2010). 6.3 Prospects and Potential in Global Maize Breeding Programs The prospects for integrating genetic markers in global maize breeding programs are promising. In Africa, the integration of molecular and conventional breeding schemes has led to remarkable genetic gains, addressing critical issues such as drought, diseases, and parasitic weeds. The use of genomic tools for genetic dissections of complex traits and the implementation of marker-aided selection and genome-wide selection schemes are expected to accelerate genetic gains and improve the resilience and nutritional quality of maize (Gedil and Menkir, 2019). In Asia, molecular marker-assisted breeding has the potential to meet the growing demand for maize by enhancing the productivity and value of maize germplasm. Efforts in DNA fingerprinting, genetic diversity analysis, and QTL analysis are crucial for developing commercially viable cultivars that can address the most important constraints to maize production in the region (Prasanna et al., 2010). Globally, the use of genome-wide selection (GWS) for quantitative traits in maize has shown superior results compared to traditional marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS). GWS allows for marker-based selection without the need to identify a subset of markers with significant effects, leading to larger responses to selection and more efficient breeding processes (Bernardo and Yu, 2007). In conclusion, the integration of genetic markers in maize breeding programs holds great potential for improving maize production worldwide. Advances in technology, innovative breeding schemes, and collaborative efforts will be key to overcoming challenges and realizing the full benefits of marker-assisted breeding in maize.
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