Bioscience Methods 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 226-236 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 226 Research Insight Open Access The Integration of Genetic Markers in Maize Breeding Programs QiongChen1, Qiaohong Ying1, KaozuLei 1, Junmei Zhang2, Huazhou Liu 1 1 Zhejiang Kecheng Seed Industry Co., Ltd, Wenzhou, 325019, Zhejiang, China 2 Agricultural Industry Service Center of Qingyuan County, Lishui, 323899, Zhejiang, China Corresponding author: keseed@qq.com Bioscience Methods, 2024, Vol.15, No.5 doi: 10.5376/bm.2024.15.0023 Received: 22 Jul., 2024 Accepted: 31 Aug., 2024 Published: 20 Sep., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Chen et al., This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Chen Q., Ying Q.H., Lei K.Z., Zhang J.M., and Liu H.Z., 2024, The integration of genetic markers in maize breeding programs, Bioscience Methods, 15(5): 226-236 (doi: 10.5376/bm.2024.15.0023) Abstract The integration of genetic markers in maize breeding programs has revolutionized the field by enabling precise and efficient selection of desirable traits. This research explores the advancements and applications of molecular breeding techniques, including marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS), in enhancing maize productivity and resilience. Key developments include the identification and mapping of functional genes related to agronomic traits, the establishment of cost-effective genotyping platforms, and the implementation of innovative breeding schemes. These advancements have facilitated the rapid genetic improvement of maize, particularly in developing regions, by addressing critical challenges such as disease resistance, stress tolerance, and nutritional quality. The research also highlights the importance of genomic tools in understanding complex traits and the potential of integrating these tools with conventional breeding methods to achieve sustainable genetic gains. The collaborative efforts and capacity-building initiatives are crucial for the successful adoption and impact of these technologies in maize breeding programs globally. Keywords Marker-Assisted selection (MAS); Genomic selection (GS); Maize breeding; Genetic markers; Molecular breeding 1 Introduction Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most significant crops globally, serving as a staple food, animal feed, and a key component in biofuel production. Its versatility and high yield potential make it a critical resource for addressing global food security and agricultural sustainability. Maize's importance is underscored by its extensive cultivation across diverse climatic regions, from temperate to tropical zones, and its role in supporting the livelihoods of millions of farmers worldwide (Ortiz et al., 2010; Nuss and Tanumihardjo, 2010; Wang et al., 2022). The crop's adaptability and productivity are vital for meeting the increasing demands driven by population growth and environmental challenges (Ortiz et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2022). Genetic markers are specific sequences of DNA that can be used to identify particular genes or traits within an organism. These markers have revolutionized plant breeding by enabling the precise selection of desirable traits, thereby accelerating the development of improved crop varieties. The use of genetic markers in maize breeding has evolved significantly over the past few decades. Initially, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were commonly used. However, advancements in genomic technologies have led to the adoption of more sophisticated markers such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the application of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (Xu and Crouch, 2008; Prasanna et al., 2010; Vivodík et al., 2017). These tools have enhanced our understanding of the genetic architecture of important traits and facilitated marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs (Xu and Crouch, 2008; Prasanna et al., 2010; Baye et al., 2022). This study provide a comprehensive overview of the integration of genetic markers in maize breeding programs, explores the historical context and technological advancements that have shaped current practices, highlight the key genetic markers used in maize breeding, and discuss their applications in improving yield, stress resistance, and other agronomically important traits. The study will also address the challenges and opportunities associated with the use of genetic markers, including the need for improved germplasm conservation and the potential of emerging technologies such as CRISPR-Cas for future breeding efforts. By synthesizing current knowledge and
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