Bioscience Methods 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 149-161 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 158 carbonic anhydrase (CA), particularly ZmCA4, has been highlighted as crucial for photosynthetic efficiency and CO2 signaling, with its interaction with aquaporin ZmPIP2;6 being essential for optimal photosynthetic performance and yield improvement. The NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex has been shown to optimize C4 photosynthetic carbon flow and cellular redox states, directly influencing the carbon flow in maize's two-celled C4 system. Additionally, the temporal regulation of the metabolome and proteome in maize hybrids has been linked to enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and plant growth, providing insights into the molecular basis of heterosis. Intercropping systems, such as maize-peanut intercropping, have been found to improve photosynthetic characteristics and resource utilization efficiency. Furthermore, the response of maize to low CO2 conditions has underscored the importance of CA in maintaining photosynthetic efficiency and stomatal signaling. Studies on the acclimation of maize to different light intensities and the role of brassinosteroids in photosynthetic response have also provided valuable information on the regulation and optimization of photosynthesis under varying environmental conditions. The findings from these studies have significant implications for maize breeding and agricultural practices. The identification of key genes and proteins, such as ZmCA4 and NDH complex components, that enhance photosynthetic efficiency can be targeted in breeding programs to develop high-yielding maize varieties. The understanding of heterosis at the metabolic and proteomic levels can aid in the selection of hybrid combinations that maximize photosynthetic efficiency and growth. The benefits of intercropping systems, particularly maize-peanut intercropping, suggest that adopting such practices can improve resource utilization and crop productivity. Additionally, the insights into the response of maize to low CO2 and varying light conditions can inform strategies to enhance resilience and performance under suboptimal environmental conditions. The role of brassinosteroids in promoting photosynthesis further opens avenues for the use of plant growth regulators to boost crop productivity. The future of photosynthesis research in maize holds great promise for advancing our understanding and improving crop performance. Continued integrative studies combining physiological, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches will be essential to unravel the complex regulatory networks governing photosynthesis. The exploration of genetic variation and the identification of novel molecular targets, such as those involved in non-photochemical quenching and photosystem II efficiency, will be crucial for developing maize varieties with enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and stress tolerance. Moreover, the application of advanced breeding techniques, including gene editing and marker-assisted selection, will enable the precise manipulation of key photosynthetic genes to achieve desired traits. As global challenges such as climate change and food security intensify, the insights gained from photosynthesis research will be instrumental in ensuring sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Acknowledgments Authors sincerely thank all the experts and scholars who reviewed the manuscript of this study. Their valuable comments and suggestions have contributed to the improvement of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure Authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Agarwal A., Yadava P., Kumar K., Singh I., Kaul T., Pattanayak A., and Agrawal P., 2018, Insights into maize genome editing via CRISPR/Cas9, Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24,: 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-017-0502-3 Bag P., 2021, Light harvesting in fluctuating environments: evolution and function of antenna proteins across photosynthetic lineage, Plants, 10: 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061184 Baslam M., Mitsui T., Hodges M., Priesack E., Herritt M., Aranjuelo Í., and Sanz‐Saez A., 2020, Photosynthesis in a changing global climate: scaling up and scaling down in crops, Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00882
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