Bioscience Methods 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 139-148 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 144 Figure 3 Leaf bioassay of transgenic plant leaves and control sugarcane plants (Adopted from Qamar et al., 2021) Image caption: Plate (A) Chilo infuscatellus from CEMB-insectray Lab. Plate (B) Non-transgenic sugarcane and transgenic plant leaves after 20 days. Plate (C) Chilo infuscatellus with transgenic sugarcane leaves. Plate (D,E) Dead cane borer, 3rd day of infestation. Plate (F) Chilo infuscatellus is alive and healthy with control; non transgenic sugarcane leaves (Adopted from Qamar et al., 2021) 5 Challenges and Limitations of Biotechnological Approaches 5.1 Regulatory and public acceptance issues One of the primary challenges in the adoption of biotechnological approaches for enhancing insect resistance in sugarcane is regulatory and public acceptance. The regulatory landscape for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is complex and varies significantly across different countries. For instance, despite the development of transgenic sugarcane varieties, only a few have been approved for commercialization due to stringent regulatory requirements (Budeguer et al., 2021). Additionally, public perception and acceptance of GMOs remain a significant hurdle. Concerns about the safety and environmental impact of GMOs can lead to resistance from consumers and advocacy groups, further complicating the commercialization process (Arruda, 2012). 5.2 Technical challenges in sugarcane genetic manipulation The genetic complexity of sugarcane poses substantial technical challenges for genetic manipulation. Sugarcane is a polyploid and aneuploid crop with a large genome, making genetic transformation a laborious and time-consuming process (Budeguer et al., 2021). Techniques such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and biolistics require intensive tissue culture and plant regeneration procedures, which must be optimized for each genotype (Basso et al., 2017). Moreover, the lack of a complete sequenced reference genome for sugarcane complicates molecular studies required for regulatory approval, such as determining transgene insertion sites and expression levels (Budeguer et al., 2021). 5.3 Environmental and ecological concerns The environmental and ecological impacts of genetically modified sugarcane are another area of concern. The
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