Bioscience Methods 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 91-101 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 97 5.3 Ethical considerations The use of molecular diagnostics in veterinary medicine raises several ethical considerations. One major concern is the potential for over-reliance on these technologies, which may lead to the neglect of traditional diagnostic methods and clinical judgment. Additionally, the handling and storage of genetic material pose privacy and biosecurity risks. Ensuring that these technologies are used responsibly and ethically is crucial to maintaining trust in veterinary diagnostics (Cai et al., 2014; Middleton et al., 2021). The balance between technological advancement and ethical practice must be carefully managed to avoid potential misuse or unintended consequences. 5.4 Regulatory hurdles Regulatory challenges are a significant obstacle to the implementation of molecular diagnostics in veterinary medicine. The approval process for new diagnostic tests can be lengthy and complex, often requiring extensive validation and demonstration of efficacy. Additionally, the regulatory landscape varies significantly between regions, complicating the global adoption of these technologies. Ensuring compliance with regulatory standards while fostering innovation is a delicate balance that must be achieved to facilitate the integration of molecular diagnostics into routine veterinary practice (Belák et al., 2009; Middleton et al., 2021). 6 Case Study 6.1 Description of the case A 7-year-old domestic short-haired cat presented with symptoms of lethargy, weight loss, and intermittent coughing. The cat had a history of outdoor activity and was not up-to-date on vaccinations. Initial physical examination revealed mild respiratory distress and palpable lymphadenopathy (Roest et al., 2017). 6.2 Diagnostic methods used To diagnose the underlying condition, a combination of molecular diagnostic techniques and imaging modalities were employed. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays were conducted to detect potential viral pathogens. This included nested PCR for a range of DNA and RNA viruses, as well as real-time PCR for more accurate quantification and identification (Belák§ and Thorén, 2001). Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging was performed using 18F-FDG to assess metabolic activity in the lungs and lymph nodes. This method was chosen due to its high sensitivity in detecting early disease processes and differentiating between benign and malignant lesions (Rafiee et al., 2020; Phelps et al., 2000). Additionally, serological tests were conducted. Blood samples were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against common feline viruses to rule out other potential infections. 6.3 Outcomes and implications The PCR results identified the presence of a viral pathogen consistent with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). PET/CT imaging revealed hypermetabolic activity in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes, indicative of an inflammatory or infectious process. The combination of these diagnostic methods allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the disease, confirming the diagnosis of FIP. The implications of this case are significant for veterinary practice. The use of advanced molecular diagnostics and imaging techniques facilitated early and accurate diagnosis, which is crucial for the management and treatment of infectious diseases in pets. This approach not only improves patient outcomes but also helps in implementing appropriate infection control measures to prevent the spread of the disease (Levin, 2008; Belák et al., 2009; Rafiee et al., 2020). 6.4 Lessons learned and future directions This case highlights several important lessons and future directions for the field of veterinary diagnostics. The integration of molecular diagnostics and imaging, such as the combination of PCR and PET/CT imaging, proved to be highly effective in diagnosing complex cases. Future research should focus on further integrating these technologies to enhance diagnostic accuracy and speed (Phelps, 2000). There is also a need for the continuous development of new diagnostic tools. The development of novel molecular probes and imaging assays to target specific pathogens and disease processes will improve the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic methods (Levin, 2008). Standardization and harmonization are critical in this field. Efforts should be
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