Bioscience Method 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 8-19 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 17 genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data, researchers revealed how tomato fruit metabolite content changes during breeding (Zhang et al., 2022) and how metabolism can be altered by selecting genes associated with larger fruits. configuration file. Additionally, studies combining genomic, transcriptomic, and microbiome data have begun to demonstrate how the microbiome plays a role in crop growth and response to environmental stresses, including drought and disease resistance . For example, by combining transcriptome analysis and microbiome data, researchers identified soil microbes that influence nitrogen metabolism in ultra-high-yielding rice. These studies demonstrate the great potential of integrating multi-omics data with GWAS to improve the ability to analyze crop traits. By gaining a more comprehensive perspective from different biomolecular levels, researchers can better understand the genetic and molecular basis of crop traits, thereby providing new strategies and targets for crop improvement and breeding. 4.2 Precision breeding strategy based on GWAS Precision breeding strategies based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and molecular-assisted selection (MAS) technology are changing the field of crop improvement, providing a powerful platform for identifying genetic markers associated with important traits and accelerating the development of crop varieties. Selection and breeding process. In cotton improvement, the application of genetic diversity, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and molecular-assisted selection technology demonstrates the potential of this approach. By analyzing the genome of cotton species, researchers are able to generate a large number of high-throughput DNA markers and identify QTLs associated with valuable traits, which provides a basis for MAS-based breeding projects. Through QTL mapping and GWAS methods, DNA markers associated with valuable traits have greatly accelerated the breeding process, transforming selection from phenotypic selection to selection based on DNA or gene levels. This process not only increases the efficiency and precision of crop improvement programs, but also reduces the cost and time of developing new varieties and hybrids (Fakhriddin et al., 2021). The use of molecular markers, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular markers and hybridization-based DNA markers, has been successful in breeding and genetic activities in multiple crops. The use of these molecular markers in crop breeding programs not only increases the productivity and accuracy of traditional breeding methods, but also provides the ability to select at any stage of plant growth and development. In particular, DNA marker technology enables breeders to identify complex quantitative traits with unprecedented speed and precision (Hasan et al., 2021). With the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, high-throughput and rapid data generation for the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome has become feasible. Integrating multiple omics approaches can elucidate gene functions and networks under physiological and environmental stress conditions, which is critical for improving crop yield and enhancing biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Integrated multi-omics approaches with robust technologies have been used to identify and decode key components of stress response, senescence, and yield in different economically important crops (Yang et al., 2021). Precision breeding strategies and molecular-assisted selection based on GWAS have broad application prospects in crop improvement. These methods can not only accelerate the breeding process and improve the efficiency of genetic improvement of crops, but also provide a solid scientific basis for the continuous improvement of crop stress resistance, yield and quality through in-depth understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of crops. As technology advances, we expect these methods to play a greater role in improving crops and ensuring food security around the world. 4.3 Combining new technologies with GWAS to accelerate the improvement of crop traits Combining CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology with GWAS results provides a fast and accurate path for improving crop traits. Gene loci related to important agronomic traits identified through GWAS can be directly
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