Bioscience Evidence 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 303-312 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 310 R genes based on local pathogenic bacteria conditions and update them when new genes emerge or pathogenic bacteria change in the future. Cisgenesis and label-free transformation techniques enable more precise gene stacking, allowing genes from hybrids to be transferred into cultivated varieties without introducing exogenous DNA and selective markers. Data from the DuRPh project show that by dynamically stacking and rationally arranging the usage time and spatial layout of the R gene, the use of fungicides can be reduced by more than 80%. Transgenic and cis-gene methods can rapidly introduce the R gene of wild relatives into cultivated varieties, bypassing the problems of long breeding cycle and complex process in traditional breeding. MAS technology can help breeders directly locate resistance genes or QRLs. Gene editing provides further optimization means, which can directly modify the R gene or S gene, or repair specific alleles that affect resistance and agronomic traits. Somatic cell hybridization and protoplast fusion have also been used to combine broad-spectrum R genes with specific R genes, enabling varieties to resist multiple diseases simultaneously without yield loss. Genomic selection (GS), using whole-genome prediction models, can capture additive and dominant effects at multiple genomic loci and also improve selection efficiency in tetraploid potatoes. Acknowledgments Sincerely thanks the reviewers for their constructive criticisms and suggestions during the review process. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Ambarwati A., Riyanti E., Listanto E., Santoso T., Hadiarto T., and Kusmana, 2022, Environmental safety assessment of genetically engineered potato resistant to late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans, The Second International Conference On Genetic Resources And Biotechnology: Harnessing Technology for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 2462(1): 040004. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0075612 Angmo D., Sharma S., and Kalia A., 2023, Breeding strategies for late blight resistance in potato crop: recent developments, Molecular Biology Reports, 50: 7879-7891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08577-0 Beketova M., Chalaya N., Zoteyeva N., Gurina A., Kuznetsova M., Armstrong M., Hein I., Drobyazina P., Khavkin E., and Rogozina Е., 2021, Combination breeding and marker-assisted selection to develop late blight resistant potato cultivars, Agronomy, 11(11): 2192. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202110.0209.v1 Bubolz J., Sleboda P., Lehrman A., Hansson S., Lagerkvist C., Andersson B., Lenman M., Resjö S., Ghislain M., Zahid M., Kieu N., and Andreasson E., 2022, Genetically modified (GM) late blight-resistant potato and consumer attitudes before and after a field visit, GM Crops & Food, 13: 290-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2022.2133396 Byarugaba A., Baguma G., Jjemba D., Faith A., Wasukira A., Magembe E., Barekye A., and Ghislain M., 2021, Comparative phenotypic and agronomic assessment of transgenic potato with 3R-gene stack with complete resistance to late blight disease, Biology, 10(10): 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100952 Duan Y., Duan S., Xu J., Zheng J., Hu J., Li X., Li B., Li G., and Jin L., 2021, Late blight resistance evaluation and genome-wide assessment of genetic diversity in wild and cultivated potato species, Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 710468. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.710468 Enciso-Maldonado G., Lozoya-Saldaña H., Talavera-Stefani L., Burgos-Cantoni C., and Mongelos-Franco Y., 2024, Detection of homologous resistance genes to the late blight in wild potatoes, Bonplandia, 33(2): 271-276. https://doi.org/10.30972/bon.3326434 Forbes E., Wulff-Vester A., and Hvoslef-Eide T., 2023, Will genetically modified late blight resistant potatoes be the first GM crops to be approved for commercial growing in Norway? Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1137598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1137598 Ghislain M., Byarugaba A., Magembe E., Rivera C., Román M., Tovar J., Gamboa S., Forbes G., Kreuze J., Barekye A., and Kiggundu A., 2018, Stacking three late blight resistance genes from wild species directly into African highland potato varieties confers complete field resistance to local blight races, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 17: 1119-1129. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13042 Hegde N., Joshi S., Soni N., and Kushalappa A., 2020, The caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase gene SNP replacement in Russet Burbank potato variety enhances late blight resistance through cell wall reinforcement, Plant Cell Reports, 40: 237-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-020-02629-6
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