Bioscience Evidence 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 280-290 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 285 apigenin and apigenin-7-methyl ether, can exert pharmacological effects by inhibiting key enzymes such as aromatase (Shi et al., 2024). 5.3 Metabolic pathways of terpenoids and diterpenoids Motherwort contains many terpenoids and diterpenoids, among which Spiro-9, 13-epoxy-Labdane-type diterpenoids are the most representative. Transcriptome and functional studies have found that Leonurus japonicus contains six diterpene synthases (diTPSs), including three types II (LjTPS1, LjTPS3, LjTPS4) and three types I (LjTPS5, LjTPS6, LjTPS7). Co-catalyzed the formation of the SPIRo-9, 13-epoxy labdane skeleton (Wang et al., 2022). Among them, LjTPS3 is responsible for generating C9-hydroxylated bicyclic PPP, while LjTPS6 can further generate various LabDane-like diterpenoids. Structural and functional studies have indicated that if mutations occur at the I420 site of LjTPS6, it will affect the generation of 9,13 s-epoxy-labDANE, providing a molecular basis for modifying the diterpene metabolic pathway. Genomic analysis also indicated that the gene family related to diterpene biosynthesis in Leonurus japonicus was significantly amplified. 5.4 Multi-omics integration analysis Multi-omics integration (including genomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic and enzyme activity analysis) is an important method for studying the metabolic network of motherwort. Through high-quality genome assembly and combined with transcriptome and metabolome data, researchers reconstructed the complete metabolic pathways of major components such as leonurine, and also identified the evolutionary and functional differences of key genes. Multi-omics data can help identify new metabolic branches, regulatory genes and rate-limiting enzymes, providing a theoretical basis for molecular breeding and synthetic biology research of medicinal components (Jamil et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2024) (Figure 2). Molecular breeding and synthetic biology provide a theoretical basis. Figure 2 Current approaches in multi-omics integration (MOI) of plant systems biology. This MOI strategy is classified into three main levels with increasing degrees of complexity (Adopted from Jamil et al., 2020)
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