Bioscience Evidence 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 270-279 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 277 Although considerable progress has been made in the molecular research on the disease resistance of sorghum, there are still many issues that need to be further explored. The key directions for the future include: further research on the interaction patterns between sorghum and different pathogens, especially the defense characteristics under the combined action of multiple pathogens; Search for more new resistance genes and regulatory elements by using pan-genome and multi-omics technologies; Strengthen the research on the functions of antagonistic genes and their regulatory patterns, and also pay attention to the influence of epigenetic modifications; Promote the application of cutting-edge technologies such as gene editing and microbiome engineering in breeding; At the same time, the resistance performance of the varieties should be repeatedly evaluated in different ecological environments to ensure their stability and persistence. Further research on the defense mechanism of sorghum, combined with the integration of multiple technologies, will provide more solid support for ensuring food security and promoting sustainable agriculture. Acknowledgments The author expresses the gratitude to the two anonymous peer researchers for their constructive suggestions on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ackerman A., Wenndt A., and Boyles R., 2021, The sorghum grain mold disease complex: pathogens, host responses, and the bioactive metabolites at play, Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 660171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.660171 Ahn E., Prom L., Park S., Lee D., Bhatt J., Ellur V., Lim S., Jang J., Lakshman D., and Magill C., 2025, Machine learning reveals complex genetics of fungal resistance in sorghum grain mold, Heredity, 134(8): 485-499. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-025-00783-9 Birhanu C., Girma G., Mekbib F., Nida H., Tirfessa A., Lule D., Bekeko Z., Ayana G., Bejiga T., Bedada G., Tola M., Legesse T., Alemu H., Admasu S., Bekele A., and Mengiste T., 2024, Exploring the genetic basis of anthracnose resistance in Ethiopian sorghum through a genome-wide association study, BMC Genomics, 25(1): 677. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-024-10545-2 Chen W., Chen K., Chen Y., and Tang Y., 2024, Adaptive microbiome responses to anthracnose in sorghum: enhanced network complexity and disease resistance across plant niches, Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 134: 102421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2024.102421 Cruet-Burgos C., Cuevas H., Prom L., Knoll J., Stutts L., and Vermerris W., 2020, Genomic dissection of Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sublineolum) resistance response in sorghum differential line SC112-14, G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, 10: 1403-1412. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401121 Cuevas H., Knoll J., Prom L., Stutts L., and Vermerris W., 2023, Genetic diversity, population structure and anthracnose resistance response in a novel sweet sorghum diversity panel, Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1249555. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1249555 Cui Y., Chen D., Jiang Y., Xu D., Balint-Kurti P., and Stacey G., 2021, Variation in gene expression between two Sorghum bicolor lines differing in innate immunity response, Plants, 10(8): 1536. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081536 Ding L., Li Y., Wu Y., Li T., Geng R., Cao J., Zhang W., and Tan X., 2022, Plant disease resistance-related signaling pathways: recent progress and future prospects, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(24): 16200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416200 Fang Y., Zhou B., Guo Y., Jiang J., Li X., and Xie X., 2023, Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the core molecular network in pattern-triggered immunity in Sorghum bicolor, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 242: 124834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124834 Fu F., Girma G., and Mengiste T., 2020, Global mRNA and microRNA expression dynamics in response to anthracnose infection in sorghum, BMC Genomics, 21(1): 760. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-07138-0 Govintharaj V., Pillai A., Sumithra V., Leon A., Habyarimana E., and Yasin J., 2025, Unraveling the genetic basis of resistance traits for fungal diseases in sorghum, Phytopathology Research, 7(1): 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42483-024-00309-x Grover S., Mou D., Shrestha K., Puri H., Pingault L., Sattler S., and Louis J., 2024, Impaired Brown midrib12 function orchestrates sorghum resistance to aphids via an auxin conjugate indole-3-acetic acid-aspartic acid, The New Phytologist, 244(4): 1597-1615. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20091
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