Bioscience Evidence 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 281-292 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 282 This study provides a comprehensive review of the research on the morphological structure and photosynthetic metabolic characteristics of dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.). By analyzing its genetic variation, biochemical properties, and adaptive mechanisms, the study offers an in-depth exploration of the growth and development patterns of dragon fruit. Furthermore, it highlights the economic value of dragon fruit and its potential applications in the nutrition and health industry. Through this research, we aim to identify key traits that can be utilized to improve the cultivation and utilization of dragon fruit, thereby promoting the advancement of agricultural production and economic development in tropical regions. 2 Morphological Characteristics and Structural Adaptations of Hylocereus spp. 2.1 Climbing habit and stem morphology Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) is a climbing cactus species characterized by its sprawling, three-sided (triangular) stems, which are typically green and segmented. The climbing habit of the plant is facilitated by aerial roots that emerge from the stem nodes, allowing it to attach to support structures such as trees, rocks, or trellises (Subandi et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2023). The stems of dragon fruit, known as cladodes, serve as the primary photosynthetic organs and are also the main sites for water storage, which is crucial for the plant’s survival in its native arid environments (Yadav et al., 2024). The stems of dragon fruit have ribbed structures, with each segment displaying prominent margins and areoles, typically bearing 3 to 5 spines per areole, a distinctive feature of the plant (Sharma et al., 2023). The length of the spines ranges from 1 to 4 millimeters, and the ribbed margins of the stem segments can be either raised or depressed. This structural configuration aids the dragon fruit plant in climbing and adhering to support structures (Abirami et al., 2021). The vertical growth habit of the plant not only allows it to achieve optimal light exposure but also reduces competition for ground resources. This growth pattern is particularly advantageous in dense forest canopies or cultivated settings, effectively utilizing vertical space. 2.2 Adaptations of the fleshy stem The fleshy stem of the dragon fruit is an evolutionary adaptation with two main functions: water storage and photosynthesis. The succulent nature of the stem enables it to store a significant amount of water, providing a reserve during periods of drought (Wakchaure et al., 2021). This adaptation is particularly crucial for the survival of dragon fruit in its native arid environments, where water availability is unpredictable. Additionally, the stem serves as the primary photosynthetic organ for the dragon fruit, as Hylocereus spp. lacks significant leaf structures. This plant utilizes a specialized form of photosynthesis known as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), which allows it to open its stomata at night to reduce water loss while using the stored carbon dioxide for photosynthesis during the day (Sahu et al., 2022). The thick waxy cuticle on the stem surface further reduces water evaporation by forming a barrier that prevents dehydration, thereby protecting the plant (Abirami et al., 2021; Salunkhe et al., 2022a; 2022b). While the stem carries out photosynthesis and water storage, its ribbed structure also enhances light absorption and facilitates gas exchange. This morphological feature allows the dragon fruit to maintain photosynthetic activity even under low water conditions, enhancing its resilience to varying climatic conditions. 2.3 Root system adaptations The root system of dragon fruit exhibits several adaptations that enhance its ecological significance. Dragon fruit plants possess both aerial and terrestrial roots. The aerial roots, which emerge from the stems, help the plant climb and anchor itself to various structures (Xu et al., 2024). These roots can absorb moisture and nutrients from the air, which is particularly beneficial in humid environments. The terrestrial roots, on the other hand, penetrate the soil and provide stability and access to water and nutrients. This dual root system allows dragon fruit to exploit multiple ecological niches, enhancing its adaptability and resilience in diverse growing conditions (Abirami et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021; Parameswari et al., 2022).
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