Bioscience Evidence 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 270-280 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 274 5.3 Weed and pest management Weed and pest management are crucial for maintaining high rice yields (Huang, 2024). Weeds can cause significant yield losses, up to 70%~80% in direct-seeded rice if not managed properly. Herbicidal weed management is widely adopted, but ecological approaches such as using weed-competitive cultivars, altering seed rates, and planting patterns can reduce herbicide use and environmental impact (Dass et al., 2016). In water-seeded rice, herbicides like Penoxulam have proven effective in reducing weed density and dry matter by over 90%, significantly minimizing yield losses due to weeds (Jehangir et al., 2021). Additionally, integrated crop management practices, including optimized nutrient management and increased plant density, have been shown to enhance weed control and improve overall crop productivity (Wang et al., 2017). 6 Nutrient Management and Fertilization Strategies 6.1 Nitrogen management for yield enhancement Effective nutrient management and fertilization strategies are crucial for optimizing rice yield, improving soil health, and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices. Nitrogen (N) is a critical nutrient for rice cultivation, significantly influencing yield and quality. Traditional nitrogen management practices often involve high N inputs, which can lead to environmental issues and reduced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Recent studies suggest that optimizing nitrogen application can enhance both yield and NUE. A study conducted in China demonstrated that reducing total N and late-stage N applications can improve rice eating quality and NUE without significantly compromising yield. This approach balances the need for high yield with the demand for better rice quality (Cheng et al., 2021). Another study highlighted the benefits of alternative fertilization options, such as slow-release nitrogen fertilizers and organic fertilizers, which showed significant improvements in yield and NUE compared to conventional fertilizers (Ding et al., 2018). Moreover, high nitrogen fertilization has been shown to enhance morpho-physiological responses and yield under deficit irrigation conditions, suggesting that higher N inputs can mitigate the adverse effects of water stress in semi-arid regions (Abdou et al., 2021). Optimized nitrogen management practices, including adjusting N application at different growth stages, have also been found to increase yield and NUE by improving the balance between yield formation factors (Sui et al., 2013). 6.2 Micronutrient application While macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential for rice growth, micronutrients also play a vital role in achieving high yields and maintaining soil health. Micronutrient deficiencies can limit crop productivity, and their application can enhance nutrient use efficiency and yield. A meta-analysis investigating various fertilization practices found that secondary and micronutrient fertilizers (SMF) contributed to yield increases, although to a lesser extent than other alternative fertilization options. The study emphasized the importance of including micronutrients in fertilization regimes to achieve optimal results (Ding et al., 2018). Additionally, integrated nutrient management practices that combine organic and inorganic fertilizers have been shown to improve soil fertility and nutrient uptake, further supporting the role of micronutrients in sustainable rice cultivation (Urmi et al., 2022). 6.3 Fertilizer application timing and techniques The timing and techniques of fertilizer application are critical factors that influence nutrient availability, uptake efficiency, and overall crop performance. Research indicates that strategic timing and innovative application methods can significantly enhance rice yield and NUE. A study on irrigation and fertilizer management revealed that water-saving irrigation techniques, coupled with optimized nitrogen application, can increase yield and NUE while reducing nitrogen loss. Controlled irrigation and alternate wet and dry irrigation schedules were particularly effective in achieving these outcomes (Qiu et al., 2022). Another study suggested that splitting nitrogen applications into multiple stages, rather than a single application, can improve yield and NUE by better matching the crop's nutrient demand throughout its growth cycle. Furthermore, site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) strategies, which tailor fertilizer recommendations based on field-specific conditions, have been shown to
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