Bioscience Evidence 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 206-217 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 213 oxylipin metabolites, which have immunomodulating effects. Furthermore, dietary ALA has been shown to suppress NF-κB activation and M1 macrophage polarization, leading to reduced adipose tissue inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-induced obesity models (Fan et al., 2019). 7.3 Potential role of ALA in metabolic disorders ALA has shown promise in the management of metabolic disorders, including obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Research indicates that ALA-enriched diets can attenuate high-fat diet-induced obesity and inflammation by promoting the bioconversion of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and their oxylipin metabolites. This bioconversion process is crucial for the metabolic benefits of ALA, as it leads to lipidomic modifications that improve insulin sensitivity and reduce hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Additionally, a meta-analysis reported a trend towards diabetes risk reduction with both dietary and biomarker ALA, although the evidence for ALA benefits in metabolic syndrome and obesity remains inconclusive (Sala-Vila et al., 2022). Further studies are needed to establish the clinical efficacy of ALA in managing metabolic disorders and to understand the underlying mechanisms better (Yuan et al., 2021). In summary, ALA from Eucommia ulmoides offers significant health benefits, particularly in cardiovascular health, anti-inflammatory effects, and potential roles in managing metabolic disorders. These benefits are supported by various studies and clinical trials, although further research is necessary to fully establish the clinical applications of ALA (Pan et al., 2012). 8 Traditional and Modern Applications of α-Linolenic Acid 8.1 Historical uses of Eucommia ulmoides for health Eucommia ulmoides, commonly known as the hardy rubber tree, has been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries (Yuan et al., 2021). Historically, various parts of the plant, including its bark, leaves, and seeds, have been used to treat a range of ailments. The bark, in particular, is renowned for its properties in strengthening bones and muscles, alleviating hypertension, and promoting overall vitality. The seeds of E. ulmoides are rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, which has been linked to numerous health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protective effects (Sala-Vila et al., 2022). 8.2 Modern pharmaceutical applications of ALA In contemporary medicine, α-linolenic acid (ALA) derived from Eucommia ulmoides has garnered significant attention for its potential therapeutic applications (Wang et al., 2011). Modern research has highlighted the high ALA content in E. ulmoides seeds, which constitutes up to 60% of the total fatty acids, making it a valuable source of this essential nutrient. ALA is known for its role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Additionally, the oil extracted from E. ulmoides seeds has been characterized for its excellent physicochemical properties, making it suitable for development as an edible oil with potential health benefits. The presence of vitamin E in the oil further enhances its antioxidant properties, contributing to its potential use in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals (Zhao et al., 2023). 8.3 Integration of traditional knowledge with modern research The integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific research has provided a comprehensive understanding of the health benefits of Eucommia ulmoides and its components. Traditional uses of E. ulmoides for strengthening the body and treating hypertension are supported by modern findings on the high ALA content and its associated health benefits. The advanced genomic studies on E. ulmoides have also shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying ALA biosynthesis, paving the way for the development of superior varieties with enhanced health benefits (Zhu et al., 2020). By combining historical insights with contemporary research, there is a greater potential to develop new therapeutic applications and health products derived fromE. ulmoides, thereby bridging the gap between traditional medicine and modern science (Li et al., 2020). 9 Challenges and Future Prospects in ALA Research 9.1 Current challenges in ALA biosynthesis research The biosynthesis of α-linolenic acid (ALA) in Eucommia ulmoides faces several significant challenges. One of the primary issues is the incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ALA accumulation.
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